Cannabinoid Receptors Modulate Neuronal Morphology and AnkyrinG Density at the Axon Initial Segment

Peer reviewe

Centralized multivariable control by simplified decoupling

This paper presents a generalized formulation of simplified decoupling to n×n processes that allows for different configurations depending on the decoupler elements set to unity. To apply this decoupling method, the realizability conditions are stated. Then, from the previous decoupling in combination with a decentralized control, the formulation of a centralized control by simplified decoupling is developed. After reducing the controller, this last proposed method is modified to a multivariable PID control. From an implementation point of view, the windup problem is addressed for these methods, and an anti-windup scheme for multivariable PID controllers is proposed. Comparisons with other works demonstrate the effectiveness of these methodologies, through the use of several simulation examples and an experimental lab process

Multivariable PID control by decoupling

This paper presents a new methodology to design multivariable PID controllers based on decoupling control. The method is presented for general n×n processes. In the design procedure, an ideal decoupling control with integral action is designed to minimize interactions. It depends on the desired open loop processes that are specified according to realizability conditions and desired closed loop performance specifications. These realizability conditions are stated and three common cases to define the open loop processes are studied and proposed. Then, controller elements are approximated to PID structure. From a practical point of view, the windup problem is also considered and a new anti-windup scheme for multivariable PID controller is proposed. Comparisons with other works demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology through the use of several simulation examples and an experimental lab process

Object oriented modelling and simulation of hydropower plants with run-of-river scheme: A new simulation tool

This paper presents the design of a component library for modelling hydropower plants, and describes the development of a new simulation tool for small hydropower plants with a run-of-river scheme. After reviewing the desirable features of simulation, an approach based on an object oriented modelling language, like EcosimPro, is presented. A general model of hydropower plant with run-of-river scheme is created with this component library. It provides the possibility of choosing a specific number of turbines and spillway gates. In this way, several hydropower stations of similar operating characteristics can be simulated using this same general model. It is expected to obtain interesting information in simulation like the reservoir level, water flows, turbine efficiencies, and so on. In addition, a graphical user interface has been designed in order to operate this general model more easily, to configure plant parameters and to simulate the plant behaviour under different conditions. Three real stations have been used as real examples for validating the model and testing the simulator: hydropower stations of Villafranca and El Carpio (Córdoba, Spain) and Marmolejo (Jaén, Spain)

An extended approach of inverted decoupling

This paper presents an extension of the inverted decoupling approach that allows for more flexibility in choosing the transfer functions of the decoupled apparent process. In addition, the expressions of the inverted decoupling are presented for general n × n processes, highlighting that the complexity of the decoupler elements is independent of the system size. The realizability conditions are stated in order to select a proper configuration, and the different possible cases for each configuration are shown. Comparisons with other works demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology, through the use of several simulation examples and an experimental lab process

Inverted decoupling internal model control for square stable multivariable time delay systems

Accepted manuscriptThis paper presents a new tuning methodology of the main controller of an internal model control structure for n×n stable multivariable processes with multiple time delays based on the centralized inverted decoupling structure. Independently of the system size, very simple general expressions for the controller elements are obtained. The realizability conditions are provided and the specification of the closed-loop requirements is explained. A diagonal filter is added to the proposed control structure in order to improve the disturbance rejection without modifying the nominal set-point response. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated through different simulation examples in comparison with other works

Practical advantages of inverted decoupling

This paper presents a study of the main advantages of inverted decoupling in 2x2 processes. Two simulation examples and an experimental process are used to show these advantages in comparison with simplified decoupling. The study is focused on the following practical advantages: the apparent process is the same as that obtained if one loop changes to manual, bumpless transfer and anti-windup are achieved easily using a feedforward input in the controllers, and abnormalities of secondary loops do not affect the opposite loop. Thanks to them, inverted decoupling may be a good and easy way to improve the performance of industrial TITO processes with interaction problems (when it can be applied)

Educational tool for the learning of thermal comfort control based on PMV-PPD indices

In this paper, an interactive educational tool designed for the learning of thermal comfort concepts is presented. Thermal comfort is one of the fundamental aspects of indoor environmental quality and energy savings in buildings. Comfort-based control and energy management constitute an important emergent sub-discipline of engineering studies. The developed tool allows for the definition of the thermal model of a house. Based on this model, thermal comfort is estimated through the predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) indices, and energy consumption is also calculated. The tool can communicate through Modbus TCP/IP protocol, providing external connectivity and data collection from the different sensors available in a building management system (BMS). In this way, it is possible to calculate in real-time the aforementioned comfort indices and propose corrective control indications to maintain the indoor-air conditions inside the optimal comfort range. A simple control strategy that can be applied to conventional HVAC systems is also addressed. The tool is available for degree students in control engineering. A survey was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed tool

Comparative Analysis of Decoupling Control Methodologies and H¥ Multivariable Robust Control for Variable-Speed, Variable-PitchWind Turbines: Application to a Lab-Scale Wind Turbine

This work is focused on the improvement of variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbine performance by means of its control structure. This kind of systems can be considered as multivariable nonlinear processes subjected to undesired interactions between variables and presenting different dynamics at different operational zones. This interaction level and the dynamics uncertainties complicate the control system design. The aim of this work is developing multivariable controllers that cope with such problems. The study shows the applicability of different decoupling methodologies and provides a comparison with a H¥ controller, which is an appropriate strategy to cope with uncertainties. The methodologies have been tested in simulation and verified experimentally in a lab-scale wind turbine. It is demonstrated that the wind turbine presents more interaction at the transition zone. Then, this operational point is used as the nominal one for the controller designs. At this point, decoupling controllers obtain perfect decoupling while the H¥ control presents important interaction in the generated power loop. On the other hand, they are slightly surpassed by the robust design at other points, where perfect decoupling is not achieved. However, decoupling controllers are easier to design and implement, and specifically dynamic simplified decoupling achieve the best global response. Then, it is concluded that the proposed methodologies can be considered for implantation in industrial wind turbines to improve their performance

Hsp90 activity is necessary to acquire a proper neuronal polarization

Chaperones are critical for the folding and regulation of a wide array of cellular proteins. Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) are the most representative group of chaperones. Hsp90 represents up to 1-2% of soluble protein. Although the Hsp90 role is being studied in neurodegenerative diseases, its role in neuronal differentiation remains mostly unknown. Since neuronal polarity mechanisms depend on local stability and degradation, we asked whether Hsp90 could be a regulator of axonal polarity and growth. Thus, we studied the role of Hsp90 activity in a well established model of cultured hippocampal neurons using an Hsp90 specific inhibitor, 17-AAG. Our present data shows that Hsp90 inhibition at different developmental stages disturbs neuronal polarity formation or axonal elongation. Hsp90 inhibition during the first 3. h in culture promotes multiple axon morphology, while this inhibition after 3. h slows down axonal elongation. Hsp90 inhibition was accompanied by decreased Akt and GSK3 expression, as well as, a reduced Akt activity. In parallel, we detected an alteration of kinesin-1 subcellular distribution. Moreover, these effects were seconded by changes in Hsp70/Hsc70 subcellular localization that seem to compensate the lack of Hsp90 activity. In conclusion, our data strongly suggests that Hsp90 activity is necessary to control the expression, activity or location of specific kinases and motor proteins during the axon specification and axon elongation processes. Even more, our data demonstrate the existence of a >time-window> for axon specification in this model of cultured neurons after which the inhibition of Hsp90 only affects axonal elongation mechanisms. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.Peer Reviewe