Compensation for Victims of Diplomatic Immunity in the United States: A Claims Fund Proposal

This Note will briefly trace the development of diplomatic immunity law in the United States, including the changes adopted by the Vienna Convention, leading to the passage of the DRA in 1978. The discussion will then focus upon the DRA and point out a few of the areas in which the statute may fail to provide adequate protection for the rights of private citizens in the United States. As a means of curing the inadequacies of the present DRA, the feasibility of a claims fund designed to compensate the victims of the tortious and criminal acts of foreign diplomats in the United States will be examined

Do They Know the Normal Language? : Language Attitudes and Ideologies in German Hip Hop Culture

This article presents a theoretical discussion of the relationship between language ideologies and language attitudes and builds on previous work by providing an organized framework connecting these notions. This framework is evaluated with reference to online and offline ethnographic work surrounding attitudes and ideologies about anglicisms, or English loanwords, among German hip hop fans and artists. Language attitudes are theorized as individual thoughts and expressions about language, and are often, but not always, informed by individual reproductions of language ideologies, which are conceived of as systematic, shared over groups of individuals, enduring, and mediated. Language ideologies can then be organized into interacting language ideology complexes, and I identify here a Standard Language Ideology Complex constituted of standard language ideology, Herderian ideology, and language purism working in concert. This Standard Language Ideology Complex frames metalinguistic discourse in the German-speaking sphere, and interviews with hip hop fans and artists in this study demonstrate the extent to which this ideological complex fundamentally frames and underlies conversations about language, even, somewhat surprisingly, in a space and subculture which has been conceived of as creative and counterhegemonic

Choutouts: contacto lingüístico y el hip hop latinx-estadounidense en YouTube

This paper presents a corpus-sociolinguistic analysis of lyrics and com-ments from videos for four US-Latinx hip hop songs on YouTube. A ‘post-varieties’ (Seargeant and Tagg 2011) analysis of the diversity and hybridity of linguistic production in the YouTube comments finds the notions of codemeshing and plurilingualism (Canagarajah 2009) useful in characterizing the language practices of the Chicanx community of the Southwestern US, while a focus on the linguistic practices of commenters on Northeastern ‘core’ artists’ tracks validate the use of named language varieties in examining language attitudes and ideologies as they emerge in commenters’ discussions. Finally, this article advances the sociolinguistics of orthography (Sebba 2007) by examining the social meanings of a vast array of creative and novel orthographic forms, which often blur the supposed lines between language varieties.Choutouts: contacto lingüístico y el hip hop latinx-estadounidense en YouTube. Este estudio presenta un análisis sociolingüístico de letras de canciones y comentarios de cuatro videos de hip hop latinx-estadounidenses en YouTube. A través de un análisis ‘post-variedades lingüísticas’ (Seargeant y Tagg 2011) se examina la diversidad y la creatividad en la producción lingüística de los comentarios en YouTube. Se demuestra la utilidad de los conceptos de codemeshing y plurilingüismo (Canagarajah 2009) en la caracterización de las prácticas lingüísticas de las comunidades Chicanxs del suroeste de los EEUU. Asímismo, el análisis de las prácticas lingüísticas en los comentarios de videos de algunas canciones ‘claves’ de raperos del noreste validan el uso de variedades lingüisticas denominadas en la examinación de actitudes y ideologías lingüísticas que aparecen en las discusiones de los comentaristas. Por último, este trabajo avanza la comprensión de la sociolingüística de ortografía (Sebba 2007) mediante un examen de los significados sociales de varias formas ortográficas creativas y novedosas, que difuminan con frecuencia las presuntas fronteras entre variedades lingüísticas

TLRs and Bcl-2 family proteins in neutrophils of oral cavity cancer patients.

Human neutrophils (PMNs), the cells engaged in the early phase of anti-tumor response, express TLR2 and TLR6 that can modulate the Bcl-2 family proteins, regulating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in these cells. The expression of TLRs and Bcl-2 family is controlled by means of activating the transcriptional signaling pathways that involve the p38 MAP kinase. As previously described, PMNs from cancer patients exert accelerated apoptosis associated with decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein. In the present study we have been interested in establishing the involvement of TLR2 and TLR6, and p38 MAP kinase in the Mcl-1-modulated apoptosis in PMNs of oral cavity cancer patients. The expression of these proteins in neutrophils and autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed by Western blot, the intensity of apoptosis was estimated by flow cytometry, caspase-9 activity by colorimetric assay, and the cytochrome c concentration by ELISA. The simultaneous decreased expression of examined TLRs receptors and Mcl-1 protein, associated with the acceleration of PMNs apoptosis, suggests that this process in PMNs controlled by Mcl-1 is dependent on the TLR2 and TLR6 signalling. Impaired TLRs expression can lead to insufficient activation of p38PAPK, resulting in low expression of antiapoptotic Mcl-1 protein responsible for shortened lifespan of the examined PMNs

Seen and not heard: The relationship of orthography, morphology, and phonology in loanword adaptation in the German hip hop community online

In this study, a particular development in language behavior, the use of the -ed suffix from English in both participle and non-participle contexts, is investigated in the domain of the German hip hop community. This morphological-orthographic feature is analyzed from a linguistic and distributional standpoint in a 12.5 million word corpus of German hip hop discussion, revealing its patterns of use over a decade in both contexts within this community, along with supplemental examples from YouTube videos. This corpus analysis is paired with a case study of a discourse event between two forum participants negotiating the use of this form, revealing a surprising streak of linguistic conservatism in the German hip hop community as well as the contested nature of the form\u27s usage. The results of this study demonstrate the need for closer attention to morphological forms in sociolinguistic studies of computer-mediated communication, as such forms can reveal linguistic behavior that would not be evident in spoken language, but which are nevertheless contested and negotiated as linguistic features

Efectividad en amenaza de aborto de progesterona natural micronizada comparado con caproato 17 dihidroxiprogesterona

Objetivo: Comparar la terapia con progesterona natural micronizada respecto a caproato 17 dihidroxiprogesterona en el manejo de amenaza de aborto. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte histórica. Se incluyeron a 120 pacientes con amenaza de aborto, los cuales se dividieron en 2 grupos: pacientes expuestas a progesterona micronizada y pacientes expuestas a caproato 17 dihidroxiprogesterona; aplicándose el riesgo relativo, y la prueba estadística chi cuadrado. Resultados La frecuencia de abordo en pacientes expuestas a progesterona natural micronizada fue 22%. La frecuencia de aborto en pacientes expuestas a caproato 17 dihidroxiprogesterona fue 42%. La efectividad de progesterona natural micronizada es superior a la de caproato 17 dihidroxiprogesterona en el manejo de amenaza de aborto con un RR= 1.34 (p<0.05). Conclusión: La terapia con progesterona natural micronizada es superior a caproato 17 dihidroxiprogesterona en el manejo de amenaza de aborto.Objective: to compare the therapy with micronized natural progesterone with caproate 17 dihydroxyprogesterone in the management of threatened abortion. Material and methods: A historical cohort study.120 patients with threatened abortion were included, according to selection criteria which were divided into 2 groups: patients with micronized progesterone expels and patients exposed to caproate. 17 dihydroxyprogesterone; applying the relative risk, and the chi square statistical test. Results: The frecuency of abortion in patients exposed to micronized natural progesterone was 22%. The frequency of abortion in patients exposed to caproate 17 dihydroxyprogesterone was 42%. The effectiveness of micronized natural progesterone is superior to that of caproate 17 dihydroxyprogesterone in the managemetn of threatened abortion with a RR=1.34 (p<0.005). Conclusion: Micronized natural progesterone therapy is superior to caproate 17 dihydroxyprogesterone in the management of threatened abortion.Tesi

English 270 J INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX

Introduction to English Grammar and Syntax. Not open to students with credit for English 370. Analysis of English sentence structure, with focus on parts of speech, grammatical voice and mood, and written discourse. Students will examine real-world texts from a variety of genres, as well as their own writing practices. This is a Writing Intensive Course. This course may be offered in either online, hybrid, or face-to-face format