Composition and biomass of phytoplankton assemblages in coastal Antarctic waters: A comparison of chemotaxonomic and microscopic analyses

We describe the distribution of phytoplanktonic community composition and biomass from the Western Antarctic Peninsula coast (between 64° and 68° S) using 2 analytical techniques: microscopy and HPLC of photosynthetic pigments. Phytoplankton biomass was estimated as chlorophyll a (chl a) by HPLC and chemotaxonomic quantification of microalgae biomass was performed by multiple regression analysis of pigment concentrations. For the estimation of chl a: diagnostic pigment ratios, it was found of primary importance to differentiate between phytoplankton assemblages within the study area. Three assemblages were differentiated according to their total standing stock and analyzed independently. Phytoplankton biomass was also estimated as carbon (C) concentration by microscopic analysis of cell abundance and biovolumes. Microscopy and chemotaxonomy give a high level of agreement for phytoplankton characterization, showing an on/offshore gradient, with high diatom and cryptophyte biomass in coastal waters, and a mixed assemblage with low biomass in open waters. This gradient was not observed in total cell abundance, indicating that the biomass gradient is controlled by cell size. Microscopy also showed shifts in diatom species throughout the area. C and chl a biomass estimates for the individual microalgae groups were strongly correlated for cryptophytes, chlorophytes and most diatoms, but did poorly for dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes and chrysophytes. From this study, we conclude that both microscopy and chemotaxonomy can be used to accurately characterize phytoplankton assemblages, but some limitations are present in both techniques. Based on phytoplankton C concentrations, we estimated an average in situ growth rate of 0.28 d-1. In situ cell C:chl a ratios had high variability (from 40 to 220) and were non-linearly related to sample growth rates. Significant differences were found among average C:chl a ratios of low (1 μg chl a l-1), with values of 112 and 74 μg C μg-1 chl a, respectively. In addition, our results support the hypothesis that C quotas of diatoms and other microalgae do not differ greatly from each other, as previously believed.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Composition and biomass of phytoplankton assemblages in coastal Antarctic waters: A comparison of chemotaxonomic and microscopic analyses

We describe the distribution of phytoplanktonic community composition and biomass from the Western Antarctic Peninsula coast (between 64° and 68° S) using 2 analytical techniques: microscopy and HPLC of photosynthetic pigments. Phytoplankton biomass was estimated as chlorophyll a (chl a) by HPLC and chemotaxonomic quantification of microalgae biomass was performed by multiple regression analysis of pigment concentrations. For the estimation of chl a: diagnostic pigment ratios, it was found of primary importance to differentiate between phytoplankton assemblages within the study area. Three assemblages were differentiated according to their total standing stock and analyzed independently. Phytoplankton biomass was also estimated as carbon (C) concentration by microscopic analysis of cell abundance and biovolumes. Microscopy and chemotaxonomy give a high level of agreement for phytoplankton characterization, showing an on/offshore gradient, with high diatom and cryptophyte biomass in coastal waters, and a mixed assemblage with low biomass in open waters. This gradient was not observed in total cell abundance, indicating that the biomass gradient is controlled by cell size. Microscopy also showed shifts in diatom species throughout the area. C and chl a biomass estimates for the individual microalgae groups were strongly correlated for cryptophytes, chlorophytes and most diatoms, but did poorly for dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes and chrysophytes. From this study, we conclude that both microscopy and chemotaxonomy can be used to accurately characterize phytoplankton assemblages, but some limitations are present in both techniques. Based on phytoplankton C concentrations, we estimated an average in situ growth rate of 0.28 d-1. In situ cell C:chl a ratios had high variability (from 40 to 220) and were non-linearly related to sample growth rates. Significant differences were found among average C:chl a ratios of low (1 μg chl a l-1), with values of 112 and 74 μg C μg-1 chl a, respectively. In addition, our results support the hypothesis that C quotas of diatoms and other microalgae do not differ greatly from each other, as previously believed.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Interannual variability in the distribution of the phytoplankton standing stock across the seasonal sea-ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula

The spatial distribution of phytoplankton cell abundance, carbon (C) biomass and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was analysed during three summers (1996, 1997 and 1999) in a seasonal sea-ice area, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The objective of the study was to assess interannual variability in phytoplankton spatial distribution and the mechanisms that regulate phytoplankton accumulation in the water column. Phytoplankton C biomass and Chl a distributions were consistent from year to year, exhibiting a negative on/offshore gradient. The variations in C concentration had a close and non-linear relationship with the upper mixed layer depth, suggesting that the vertical mixing of the water column is the main factor regulating phytoplankton stock. The magnitude of C gradients was 5-fold higher during 1996 than during 1997 and 1999. This was ascribed to interannual variations in the concentration of diatom blooms in the region influenced by sea-ice melting. Vertical distribution of the phytoplankton, as estimated from Chl a profiles, also varied along an on/offshore gradient: Chl a was distributed homogeneously in the upper mixed layer in coastal and mid-shelf stations and concentrated in the deep layer (40-100 m) occupied by the winter waters (WW, remnants of the Antarctic surface waters during summer) in more offshore stations. The region with a deep Chl a maximum layer (DCM layer) was dominated by a phytoplankton assemblage characterized by a relatively high concentration of diatoms. The extent of this region varied from year to year: it was restricted to pelagic waters during 1996, extended to the shelf slope during 1997 and occupied a major portion of the area during 1999. It is hypothesized that iron depletion in near surface waters due to phytoplankton consumption, and a higher concentration in WW, regulated this vertical phytoplankton distribution pattern. Furthermore, we postulate that year-to-year variations in the spatial distribution of the DCM layer were related to interannual variations in the timing of the sea-ice retreat. The similarity between our results and those reported in literature for other areas of the Southern Ocean allows us to suggest that the mechanisms proposed here as regulating phytoplankton stock in our area may be applicable elsewhere.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Composition and biomass of phytoplankton assemblages in coastal Antarctic waters: A comparison of chemotaxonomic and microscopic analyses

We describe the distribution of phytoplanktonic community composition and biomass from the Western Antarctic Peninsula coast (between 64° and 68° S) using 2 analytical techniques: microscopy and HPLC of photosynthetic pigments. Phytoplankton biomass was estimated as chlorophyll a (chl a) by HPLC and chemotaxonomic quantification of microalgae biomass was performed by multiple regression analysis of pigment concentrations. For the estimation of chl a: diagnostic pigment ratios, it was found of primary importance to differentiate between phytoplankton assemblages within the study area. Three assemblages were differentiated according to their total standing stock and analyzed independently. Phytoplankton biomass was also estimated as carbon (C) concentration by microscopic analysis of cell abundance and biovolumes. Microscopy and chemotaxonomy give a high level of agreement for phytoplankton characterization, showing an on/offshore gradient, with high diatom and cryptophyte biomass in coastal waters, and a mixed assemblage with low biomass in open waters. This gradient was not observed in total cell abundance, indicating that the biomass gradient is controlled by cell size. Microscopy also showed shifts in diatom species throughout the area. C and chl a biomass estimates for the individual microalgae groups were strongly correlated for cryptophytes, chlorophytes and most diatoms, but did poorly for dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes and chrysophytes. From this study, we conclude that both microscopy and chemotaxonomy can be used to accurately characterize phytoplankton assemblages, but some limitations are present in both techniques. Based on phytoplankton C concentrations, we estimated an average in situ growth rate of 0.28 d-1. In situ cell C:chl a ratios had high variability (from 40 to 220) and were non-linearly related to sample growth rates. Significant differences were found among average C:chl a ratios of low (1 μg chl a l-1), with values of 112 and 74 μg C μg-1 chl a, respectively. In addition, our results support the hypothesis that C quotas of diatoms and other microalgae do not differ greatly from each other, as previously believed.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Phytoplankton spatial distribution patterns along the western Antarctic Peninsula (Southern Ocean)

This paper describes spatial distribution patterns of the phytoplankton community (composition, cell abundance and biomass concentration) in relation to local environmental conditions in the Southern Ocean. Sampling was performed during summer 1997 off the coast of the western Antarctic Peninsula between Anvers Island and Marguerite Bay. Phytoplankton was characterized by relatively low biomass throughout most of the study area and was dominated by nanoalgae (<20 μm). Phytoplankton varied along an on-offshore gradient, with decreasing total cell abundance, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration and carbon biomass toward the open ocean. Chl a concentration showed surface or subsurface maxima in coastal and middle-shelf waters, and deep maxima between ∼40 and 100 m in oceanic waters. Across-shelf variability in phytoplankton correlated with vertical stability in the water column, which appears to be the major parameter affecting phytoplankton community structure in the area. We hypothesize that the deep chl a maximum offshore may be associated with iron limitation in near-surface waters and higher iron concentration in 'winter waters' (subsurface remnant of Antarctic Surface Waters). On a smaller spatial scale, a cluster analysis showed great regional variability in phytoplankton assemblages. The area was divided into 4 main regions based on differences in the phytoplankton composition and concentration. Three peaks in phytoplankton abundance were found on a north-to-south gradient in near-shore waters: a Cryptomonas spp. bloom near Anvers Island, a small unidentified phytoflagellate bloom in Grandidier Channel, and a diatom bloom in Marguerite Bay. These assemblages resemble different stages of the phytoplankton seasonal succession, and may be related to the progressive sea-ice retreat, which might have regulated the timing of the onset of the phytoplankton seasonal succession in a north-south gradient. Biological environmental factors, such as seeding of the water column by epontic algae and selective zooplankton herbivory, are hypothesized to affect community composition in coastal regions. We conclude that large-scale variability in phytoplankton community structure is related to water column physical conditions and possibly iron availability, while mesoscale variability, as seen in coastal waters, is more likely due to seasonal succession of different algae groups.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Interannual variability in the distribution of the phytoplankton standing stock across the seasonal sea-ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula

The spatial distribution of phytoplankton cell abundance, carbon (C) biomass and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was analysed during three summers (1996, 1997 and 1999) in a seasonal sea-ice area, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The objective of the study was to assess interannual variability in phytoplankton spatial distribution and the mechanisms that regulate phytoplankton accumulation in the water column. Phytoplankton C biomass and Chl a distributions were consistent from year to year, exhibiting a negative on/offshore gradient. The variations in C concentration had a close and non-linear relationship with the upper mixed layer depth, suggesting that the vertical mixing of the water column is the main factor regulating phytoplankton stock. The magnitude of C gradients was 5-fold higher during 1996 than during 1997 and 1999. This was ascribed to interannual variations in the concentration of diatom blooms in the region influenced by sea-ice melting. Vertical distribution of the phytoplankton, as estimated from Chl a profiles, also varied along an on/offshore gradient: Chl a was distributed homogeneously in the upper mixed layer in coastal and mid-shelf stations and concentrated in the deep layer (40-100 m) occupied by the winter waters (WW, remnants of the Antarctic surface waters during summer) in more offshore stations. The region with a deep Chl a maximum layer (DCM layer) was dominated by a phytoplankton assemblage characterized by a relatively high concentration of diatoms. The extent of this region varied from year to year: it was restricted to pelagic waters during 1996, extended to the shelf slope during 1997 and occupied a major portion of the area during 1999. It is hypothesized that iron depletion in near surface waters due to phytoplankton consumption, and a higher concentration in WW, regulated this vertical phytoplankton distribution pattern. Furthermore, we postulate that year-to-year variations in the spatial distribution of the DCM layer were related to interannual variations in the timing of the sea-ice retreat. The similarity between our results and those reported in literature for other areas of the Southern Ocean allows us to suggest that the mechanisms proposed here as regulating phytoplankton stock in our area may be applicable elsewhere.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Phytoplankton spatial distribution patterns along the western Antarctic Peninsula (Southern Ocean)

This paper describes spatial distribution patterns of the phytoplankton community (composition, cell abundance and biomass concentration) in relation to local environmental conditions in the Southern Ocean. Sampling was performed during summer 1997 off the coast of the western Antarctic Peninsula between Anvers Island and Marguerite Bay. Phytoplankton was characterized by relatively low biomass throughout most of the study area and was dominated by nanoalgae (<20 μm). Phytoplankton varied along an on-offshore gradient, with decreasing total cell abundance, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration and carbon biomass toward the open ocean. Chl a concentration showed surface or subsurface maxima in coastal and middle-shelf waters, and deep maxima between ∼40 and 100 m in oceanic waters. Across-shelf variability in phytoplankton correlated with vertical stability in the water column, which appears to be the major parameter affecting phytoplankton community structure in the area. We hypothesize that the deep chl a maximum offshore may be associated with iron limitation in near-surface waters and higher iron concentration in 'winter waters' (subsurface remnant of Antarctic Surface Waters). On a smaller spatial scale, a cluster analysis showed great regional variability in phytoplankton assemblages. The area was divided into 4 main regions based on differences in the phytoplankton composition and concentration. Three peaks in phytoplankton abundance were found on a north-to-south gradient in near-shore waters: a Cryptomonas spp. bloom near Anvers Island, a small unidentified phytoflagellate bloom in Grandidier Channel, and a diatom bloom in Marguerite Bay. These assemblages resemble different stages of the phytoplankton seasonal succession, and may be related to the progressive sea-ice retreat, which might have regulated the timing of the onset of the phytoplankton seasonal succession in a north-south gradient. Biological environmental factors, such as seeding of the water column by epontic algae and selective zooplankton herbivory, are hypothesized to affect community composition in coastal regions. We conclude that large-scale variability in phytoplankton community structure is related to water column physical conditions and possibly iron availability, while mesoscale variability, as seen in coastal waters, is more likely due to seasonal succession of different algae groups.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly