49 research outputs found
An empirical approach for currency identification
Currency identification is the application of systematic methods to determine authenticity of questioned currency. However, identification analysis is a difficult task requiring specially trained examiners, the most important challenge is automating the analysis process reducing human labor and time. In this study, an empirical approach for automated currency identification is formulated and a prototype is developed. A two parts feature vector is defined comprised of color features and texture features. Finally the banknote in question is classified by a Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) and a measurement of the similarity between existing samples and suspect banknote is output
Currency security and forensics: a survey
By its definition, the word currency refers to an agreed medium for exchange, a nation’s currency is the formal medium enforced by the elected governing entity. Throughout history, issuers have faced one common threat: counterfeiting. Despite technological advancements, overcoming counterfeit production remains a distant future. Scientific determination of authenticity requires a deep understanding of the raw materials and manufacturing processes involved. This survey serves as a synthesis of the current literature to understand the technology and the mechanics involved in currency manufacture and security, whilst identifying gaps in the current literature. Ultimately, a robust currency is desire
Georeferenced soil information system: assessment of database
Land-use planning is a decision-making process that
facilitates the allocation of land to different uses that
provide optimal and sustainable benefit. As land-use
is shaped by society–nature interaction, in land-use
planning different components/facets play a significant
role involving soil, water, climate, animal (ruminant/
non-ruminant) and others, including forestry
and the environment needed for survival of mankind.
At times these components are moderated by human
interference. Thus land-use planning being a dynamic
phenomenon is not guided by a single factor, but by a
complex system working simultaneously,which largely
affects the sustainability. To address such issues a
National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) on
‘Georeferenced soil information system for land-use
planning and monitoring soil and land quality for
agriculture’ was undertaken to develop threshold
values of land quality parameters for land-use planning
through quantitative land evaluation and crop
modelling for dominant cropping systems in major
agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) representing
rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic
Plains (IGP) and deep-rooted crops in the black
soil regions (BSR). To assess the impact of landuse
change, threshold land quality indicator values
are used. A modified AESR map for agricultural landuse
planning is generated for effective land-use planning
Soil information system: use and potentials in humid and semi-arid tropics
The articles presented in this special section emanated from the researches of consortium members of the National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP, Component 4) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. These researches have helped develop a soil information system (SIS). In view of the changing scenario all over the world, the need of the hour is to get assistance from a host of researchers specialized in soils, crops, geology, geography and information technology to make proper use of the datasets. Equipped with the essential knowledge of data storage and retrieval for management recommendations, these experts should be able to address the issues of land degradation, biodiversity, food security, climate change and ultimately arrive at an appropriate agricultural land-use planning. Moreover, as the natural resource information is an essential prerequisite for monitoring and predicting global environmental change with special reference to climate and land use options, the SIS needs to be a dynamic exercise to accommodate temporal datasets, so that subsequently it should result in the evolution of the soil information technology. The database developed through this NAIP would serve as an example of the usefulness of the Consortium and the research initiative of ICAR involving experts from different fields to find out the potentials of the soils of humid and semi-arid bioclimatic systems of the country
Manganese-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Terminal Olefins and Metal-Dependent Selectivity in Internal Olefin Isomerization-Hydroboration
In the past decade, the use of earth-abundant metals in homogeneous catalysis has flourished. In particular, metals such as cobalt and iron have been used extensively in reductive transformations including hydrogenation, hydroboration, and hydrosilylation. Manganese, on the other hand, has been considerably less explored in these reductive transformations. Here, we report a well-defined manganese complex, [Mn(iPrBDI)(OTf)2] (2a; BDI = bipyridinediimine), that is an active precatalyst in the hydroboration of a variety of electronically differentiated alkenes (>20 examples). The hydroboration is specifically selective for terminal alkenes and occurs with exclusive anti-Markovnikov selectivity. In contrast, when using the analogous cobalt complex [Co(20 examples). The hydroboration is specifically selective for terminal alkenes and occurs with exclusive anti-Markovnikov selectivity. In contrast, when using the analogous cobalt complex [Co(iPrBDI)(OTf)2] (3a), internal alkenes are hydroborated efficiently, where a sequence of isomerization steps ultimately leads to their hydroboration. The contrasting terminal versus internal alkene selectivity for manganese and cobalt was investigated computationally and is further discussed in the herein-reported study
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Proteomic Evidence for Components of Spider Silk Synthesis from Black Widow Silk Glands and Fibers.
Spider silk research has largely focused on spidroins, proteins that are the primary components of spider silk fibers. Although a number of spidroins have been characterized, other types of proteins associated with silk synthesis are virtually unknown. Previous analyses of tissue-specific RNA-seq libraries identified 647 predicted genes that were differentially expressed in silk glands of the Western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus. Only ∼5% of these silk-gland specific transcripts (SSTs) encode spidroins; although the remaining predicted genes presumably encode other proteins associated with silk production, this is mostly unverified. Here, we used proteomic analysis of multiple silk glands and dragline silk fiber to investigate the translation of the differentially expressed genes. We find 48 proteins encoded by the differentially expressed transcripts in L. hesperus major ampullate, minor ampullate, and tubuliform silk glands and detect 17 SST encoded proteins in major ampullate silk fibers. The observed proteins include known silk-related proteins, but most are uncharacterized, with no annotation. These unannotated proteins likely include novel silk-associated proteins. Major and minor ampullate glands have the highest overlap of identified proteins, consistent with their shared, distinctive ampullate shape and the overlapping functions of major and minor ampullate silks. Our study substantiates and prioritizes predictions from differential expression analysis of spider silk gland transcriptomes
Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Coarse Rice
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at farm of College of Agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal) of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to investigate the response of short duration non-scented rice variety HKR-48 to nitrogen under two different methods of crop establishment. The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design consisting of two establishment methods i.e. direct seeded (DSR) and transplanted (TPR) as main plot treatments and six different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha) in sub- plots with three replications. The experiment showed that plants grown under the DSR method had greater height and tiller production at all growth stages but experienced higher tiller mortality later on. DSR also resulted in higher early-stage dry matter accumulation compared to TPR, but there was no significant difference at later stages or at harvest. Although the number of effective tillers did not significantly differ between DSR and TPR, DSR had 16% more grains per panicle with the same test weight. However, the transplanted crop had a significantly higher grain yield (11.9%) compared to the direct-seeded crop. Increasing nitrogen dosage up to 120 kg N/ha positively influenced growth parameters and yield-contributing characters. There was no significant difference between 120 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha in respect of growth indicators. Grain yield was significantly enhanced with increased nitrogen dosage, but the difference between 120 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha was not significant
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Proteomic Evidence for Components of Spider Silk Synthesis from Black Widow Silk Glands and Fibers
Spider
silk research has largely focused on spidroins, proteins
that are the primary components of spider silk fibers. Although a
number of spidroins have been characterized, other types of proteins
associated with silk synthesis are virtually unknown. Previous analyses
of tissue-specific RNA-seq libraries identified 647 predicted genes
that were differentially expressed in silk glands of the Western black
widow, Latrodectus hesperus. Only ∼5%
of these silk-gland specific transcripts (SSTs) encode spidroins;
although the remaining predicted genes presumably encode other proteins
associated with silk production, this is mostly unverified. Here,
we used proteomic analysis of multiple silk glands and dragline silk
fiber to investigate the translation of the differentially expressed
genes. We find 48 proteins encoded by the differentially expressed
transcripts in L. hesperus major ampullate,
minor ampullate, and tubuliform silk glands and detect 17 SST encoded
proteins in major ampullate silk fibers. The observed proteins include
known silk-related proteins, but most are uncharacterized, with no
annotation. These unannotated proteins likely include novel silk-associated
proteins. Major and minor ampullate glands have the highest overlap
of identified proteins, consistent with their shared, distinctive
ampullate shape and the overlapping functions of major and minor ampullate
silks. Our study substantiates and prioritizes predictions from differential
expression analysis of spider silk gland transcriptomes
Proteomic Evidence for Components of Spider Silk Synthesis from Black Widow Silk Glands and Fibers
Spider
silk research has largely focused on spidroins, proteins
that are the primary components of spider silk fibers. Although a
number of spidroins have been characterized, other types of proteins
associated with silk synthesis are virtually unknown. Previous analyses
of tissue-specific RNA-seq libraries identified 647 predicted genes
that were differentially expressed in silk glands of the Western black
widow, Latrodectus hesperus. Only ∼5%
of these silk-gland specific transcripts (SSTs) encode spidroins;
although the remaining predicted genes presumably encode other proteins
associated with silk production, this is mostly unverified. Here,
we used proteomic analysis of multiple silk glands and dragline silk
fiber to investigate the translation of the differentially expressed
genes. We find 48 proteins encoded by the differentially expressed
transcripts in L. hesperus major ampullate,
minor ampullate, and tubuliform silk glands and detect 17 SST encoded
proteins in major ampullate silk fibers. The observed proteins include
known silk-related proteins, but most are uncharacterized, with no
annotation. These unannotated proteins likely include novel silk-associated
proteins. Major and minor ampullate glands have the highest overlap
of identified proteins, consistent with their shared, distinctive
ampullate shape and the overlapping functions of major and minor ampullate
silks. Our study substantiates and prioritizes predictions from differential
expression analysis of spider silk gland transcriptomes