INTERACTING COLOR AND BEHAVIOR RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE SELECTION PRESSURES IN THE SISTER SALAMANDER SPECIES AMBYSTOMA BARBOURI AND AMBYSTOMA TEXANUM.

My research explores the complex strategies animals adapt to cope with multiple selection pressures. I studied the behavioral and color response of two salamander sister species, Ambystoma barbouri and A. texanum, to temperature, predation risk and ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280-320 nm). Ambystoma barbouri undergo development in streams, while A. texanum larvae inhabit ponds. Thus, A. barbouri are exposed to increased habitat ephemerality, enhanced predation risk, and UVR exposure. I show how A. barbouri have evolved alternate coping mechanisms in response to these environmental factors, relative to A. texanum. In this comparison study, I\u27ve quantified the affects of these selection pressures on larval color change, refuge use and depth choice.I found Ambystoma barbouri to have a significantly darker mean color than A. texanum. Additionally, both species significantly change color to match their background and in response to temperature. When exposed to warm temperatures, early-stage larvae of both species became lighter. Both species also changed color over ontogeny, with larvae becoming significantly lighter over development. Remarkably, A. texanum larvae mediated risk from predatory fish chemical cues by visually assessing the degree to which they cryptically match their background. If cryptic, A. texanum larvae remained on that background color rather than in refuge. A. barbouri larvae preferred to hide in refuge or on dark backgrounds regardless of crypticity, butquickly change color to match their new background. I found that both species darken in response to UVR. When given the choice of refuge, both species spent significantly more time in hiding when UVR was present. When given a choice of water depth, larvae preferred deep water in the presence of UVR radiation.Adapting multiple color and behavioral responses to individual selection pressures help organisms mediate conflicting demands from multiple selection pressures. For example, when predatory fish are present, larvae should move to shallow water to avoid predation. In the presence of UVR, however, larvae should prefer deeper water. I found A. barbouri larvae choose deep water to avoid high UVR exposure despite the risk of predation. Evolving multiple behavioral strategies allows A. barbouri larvae to avoid UVR damage and mediate predation risk

Warm Compress For Reducing Middle Peace In Adolescent Women

According to data from WHO in 2018 that the incidence of dysmenorrheal. On average <50% of women in each country experience dysmenorrhea differently, such as in America about 60%, in Sweden around 72% and in the UK a study states that 10% of high school adolescents appear absent 1-3 days per month. This study aimed to analyze the effect of giving warm compresses to the reduction of menstrual pain in adolescent girls of class VIII MTS YP Al - Azhar, Medan Sunggal District, Medan City. The research method used quasi-experimental in the form of pre-experimental, one group pretest - posttest. The population was 55 young women consisting of class VIII totaling 4 classes at the school. Sampling technique was using purposive sampling amount 30 people. Analysis of the data used was a T-test then the data was presented in the form of frequency distribution tabulation. The results showed that the average menstrual pain scale of adolescent girls before the warm water compress was 2.1 and after the intervention the pain scale decreased to 0.1, which means there was a decrease in menstrual pain in adolescent girls. The results of the Paired Sample T-Test were known on the menstrual pain scale variable, the p-value = 0.000 <.05. The conclusion shows that there is the Effect of Warm Compresses on Reducing Mild Menstrual Pain in Young Women at MTS YP Al – Azhar, Medan Sunggal District, Medan City

Relación entre los flujos de la comunicación interna y la identidad corporativa en los asociados de la Cámara de Comercio y Producción de la Provincia del Santa - 2019

El presente estudio “Relación entre los flujos de la comunicación interna y la identidad corporativa en los asociados de la Cámara de Comercio y Producción de la Provincia del Santa, 2019, con el objeto de determinar la relación entre los flujos de la comunicación interna y la identidad corporativa en los asociados de la Cámara de Comercio y Producción de la Provincia del Santa – 2019. El diseño de investigación fue de enfoque cuantitativo y se orientó a nivel correlacional dada la relación entre las variables en el cual se aplicó dos cuestionarios sobre una muestra censal estuvo constituida por 120 asociados de la institución Cámara de Comercio y Producción de la Provincia del Santa. Los resultados son significativos debido a que existe una relación positiva entre los flujos de la comunicación interna y la identidad corporativa en los asociados de la Cámara de Comercio y Producción de la Provincia del Santa, 2019. Por lo tanto, se comprobó la hipótesis con una prueba Rho=0.807 y nivel de significancia p<0,05. Así también, de manera específica se encontró que el 46,7% de los asociados indican que los flujos de comunicación interna presentan un nivel alto y el 30% un nivel medio. Respecto a la identidad corporativa el 42,5% de los asociados señalan que presenta un nivel medio y 31,7% de nivel bajo. Finalmente, existe una correlación positiva alta (0.773) entre la variable Flujo de la comunicación interna y la dimensión “Filosofía corporativa” y una correlación positiva moderada (0.675) entre la variable Flujo de la comunicación interna y la dimensión “Cultura corporativa”

Profound vision loss impairs psychological well-being in young and middle-aged individuals.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of profound vision loss on psychological well-being in adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults with regard to mood, interpersonal interactions, and career-related goals. In addition, we assessed the significance of the resources that may be used to enhance psychological well-being in cases of profound vision loss, and in particular, examined the utility of low vision aids and the role of the ophthalmologist as a provider of emotional support.MethodsA questionnaire was issued to individuals aged 13-65 years with profound vision loss resulting from Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Depression prevalence was evaluated with questions regarding major depressive disorder symptomatology. Participants appraised the effects of vision loss on their interpersonal interactions and career goals by providing an impact rating (IR) on a 21-point psychometric scale from -10 to +10. Social well-being index was defined as the average of interpersonal IR and career IR. Subjects were additionally asked about the use of low vision aids and sources of emotional support.ResultsA total of 103 participants (mean age =26.4±11.2 years at LHON diagnosis; mean ± standard deviation) completed the questionnaire. Nearly half (49.5%) met the depression criteria after vision loss. Negative impacts on interpersonal interactions (median IR = -5) and career goals (median IR = -6) were observed; both ratings were worse (P&lt;0.001) for depressed versus nondepressed subjects. Older age at diagnosis corresponded to higher depression prevalence and increased incidence of negative interpersonal IR and career IR. Sixty-eight percent of subjects used electronic vision aids; controlling for age, social well-being index was higher among these individuals than for those who did not use electronic aids (P=0.03). Over half of the participants (52.4%) asserted that they derived emotional support from their ophthalmologist.ConclusionProfound vision loss in adolescents, young adults, and middle-aged adults is associated with significant negative psychological and psychosocial effects, which are influenced by age and use of electronic vision aids. Ophthalmologists, in addition to managing vision loss, may serve an important role in the emotional adaptation of these patients

Influencia de la aplicación del carbonato de calcio en los limites de atterberg en la urbanización Los Sauces - Pimentel

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar de que manera influye la aplicación del carbonato de calcio en los límites de Atterberg en los suelos en la Urbanización Los Sauces-Pimentel. Presentó una metodología de tipo aplicada-tecnológica y un diseño experimental, de enfoque cuantitativo, tuvo una población de 3 hectáreas, y como muestras 8 calicatas obteniéndose un total de 240 muestras, entre los cuales se realizaron ensayos de contenido de humedad, límite líquido, límite plástico e índice plástico, clasificación de suelos. Los resultados presentaron que para la muestra patrón se tuvo un límite plástico de 19.68%, un límite líquido de 49.94% y un índice de plasticidad del 30.63%, considerándose un suelo predominante de alta y baja plasticidad CH y CL según SUCS, en tanto con las dosis de carbonato de calcio presentó una reducción de plasticidad con dosis de 0.5%, 1% y 1.5% redujo en 3.40%, 6.66% y 4.39%. Concluyó que el incorporar el carbonato de calcio disminuye la plasticidad en los suelos hasta un 6.66% con una dosis óptima de carbonato de calcio de 1% respectivamente.TesisInfraestructura, Tecnología y Medio Ambient

Feeling (Mis)Understood and Intergroup Friendships in Interracial Interactions

The present research investigated whether having out-group friends serves as a buffer for feeling misunderstood in interracial interactions. Across three experience sampling studies, we found that among ethnic minorities who have few White friends or are not interacting with White friends, daily interracial interactions are associated with feeling less understood. By contrast, we found that among ethnic minorities who have more White friends or are interacting with White friends, the relationship between daily interracial interactions and feeling understood is not significant. We did not find similar results for Whites; that is, having ethnic minority friends did not play a role in the relationship between daily interracial interactions and feeling understood. Together, these studies demonstrate the beneficial effects of intergroup friendships for ethnic minorities

Effects of Glutamate Receptor Agonists on the P13 Auditory Evoked Potential and Startle Response in the Rat

The P13 potential is the rodent equivalent of the P50 potential, which is an evoked response recorded at the vertex (Vx) 50 ms following an auditory stimulus in humans. Both the P13 and P50 potentials are only present during waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and are considered to be measures of level of arousal. The source of the P13 and P50 potentials appears to be the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a brainstem nucleus with indirect ascending projections to the cortex through the intralaminar thalamus, mediating arousal, and descending inhibitory projections to the caudal pontine reticular formation (CPRF), which mediates the auditory startle response (SR). We tested the hypothesis that intracranial microinjection (ICM) of glutamate (GLU) or GLU receptor agonists will increase the activity of PPN neurons, resulting in an increased P13 potential response, and decreased SR due to inhibitory projections from the PPN to the CPRF, in freely moving animals. Cannulae were inserted into the PPN to inject neuroactive agents, screws were inserted into the Vx in order to record the P13 potential, and electrodes inserted into the dorsal nuchal muscle to record electromyograms and SR amplitude. Our results showed that ICM of GLU into the PPN dose-dependently increased the amplitude of the P13 potential and decreased the amplitude of the SR. Similarly, ICM of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid or kainate into the PPN increased the amplitude of the P13 potential. These findings indicate that glutamatergic input to the PPN plays a role in arousal control in vivo, and changes in glutamatergic input, or excitability of PPN neurons, could be implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders with the common symptoms of hyperarousal and REM sleep dysregulation

Impacts of Wetland Restoration Efforts on an Amphibian Assemblage in a Multi-invader Community

The success of restoration in attaining wildlife conservation goals can be strongly dependent on both site-scale and landscape-scale habitat characteristics, particularly for species with complex life cycles. Wetland management activities typically target plant communities, and bottom-up responses in higher trophic levels may be dependent on spatially explicit habitat use. We surveyed plant and amphibian assemblages at 26 sites enrolled in the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon to determine the relative influence of plant management, non-native species, and surrounding landscape on amphibian counts across multiple life history stages. Explanatory variables negatively associated with native anuran counts included percent invasive plant cover, non-native fish presence, invasive bullfrog counts, and area of urban land cover. In addition, native anurans were positively associated with WRP site age, suggesting that the benefits of restored wetlands may increase over time. This study emphasized the importance of adaptive approaches to maintaining diverse communities in restored habitats by considering impacts of synergistic stressors in a multi-invader context. Although invasive plant management provided indirect benefits to native amphibians, the most effective way to enhance native amphibian populations may be through eliminating the strong top-down forces exerted by non-native vertebrates.Keywords: WRP, Invasive species, Landscape, Restoration, Wetlands, Amphibian

Assessing Equity and Environmental Justice in the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative

Since its inception in 2010, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) program has completed more than 5,300 restoration projects across the larger Great Lakes region, representing a ~$2.7 billion federal investment. This bipartisan federal effort annually appropriates$300 million across the GLRI’s five main focus areas, with one-third of this investment supporting the 43 most polluted sites in the Great Lakes basin—those identified through the Area of Concern (AOC) program back in the 1970s. In the last decade, the GLRI program has demonstrated significant ecological and economic successes, with much progress being made towards delisting AOCs. Despite these environmental and economic successes, there is little documented evaluation of whether the GLRI program has served to minimize environmental risk and remediate legacies of environmental inequities. Few studies have examined social equity within the GLRI program, even though the initiative was formed to accelerate the restoration of the Great Lakes ecosystem and ensure a sustainable water-based future for the region. Groups like the Healing Our Waters—Great Lakes (HOW) Coalition, who work to educate members of Congress and the public about the far-reaching benefits of GLRI funding, have begun investigating how the program both considers and impacts social equity in its restoration work throughout the region. Specifically, HOW is interested in learning about how federal GLRI investments can be best implemented so that the benefits of restoration reach the full spectrum of Great Lakes socio-economic groups in an equitable manner. We began this inquiry into emphasizing social equity across the GLRI. We aimed to illustrate how equity considerations need to play a critical role in the ongoing revitalization of the Great Lakes region and provided recommendations for ways HOW can advocate for equitybased policy and administrative considerations within the GLRI program. Our recommendations stemmed from case studies of four different AOCs in Michigan: White Lake, Muskegon Lake, the Rouge and Detroit rivers, and the River Raisin. Semi-structured participatory interview methods were used to build a clearer understanding of how communities have been impacted by their impaired freshwater resources, and how they perceive equity outcomes and considerations in current and past restoration efforts. In addition, ArcGIS geo-visualization software was used to map the distribution of GLRI restoration projects with social demographics for each study AOC community in order to illustrate social equity patterns and disparities and supplement community interview insights. Our recommendations delineate actions the HOW Coalition can pursue with community organizations across the Great Lakes region, and equity considerations that HOW can advocate for at the federal level. Recommendations for HOW’s federal advocacy work are further broken down into congressional policy recommendations and EPA program administration recommendations.Master of ScienceSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167296/1/EquityInGLRI_375_Project.pd