Diferentes soluções diluidoras para o resfriamento do sêmen de tambaqui

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of extenders solutions in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) semen cooling at 6°C. The treatments consisted of semen dilutions with three extenders – BTS, HBSS, and ACP‑104 –, and a control with undiluted semen. Cooled semen was evaluated by 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. There were differences for the duration of motility and fertilization rates among the semen dilutions. Motility duration proved a highly variable evaluation after 72 hours. Dilution testing can be performed by the three products, and cooling storage for 72 hours is most effective with BTS extender.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de soluções diluidoras no resfriamento do sêmen de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) a 6°C. Os tratamentos consistiram de diluições de amostras de sêmen com três soluções – BTS, HBSS e ACP‑104, e de um controle com sêmen não diluído. O sêmen resfriado foi avaliado por 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Houve diferenças quanto à duração da motilidade e taxa de fertilização entre as diluições do sêmen. A duração da motilidade mostrou-se altamente variável depois de 72 horas. Os testes de diluição podem ser realizados pelos três diluidores, e seu armazenamento por 72 horas é mais eficaz com o diluidor BTS

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Diferentes soluções diluidoras para o resfriamento do sêmen de tambaqui

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of extenders solutions in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) semen cooling at 6°C. The treatments consisted of semen dilutions with three extenders – BTS, HBSS, and ACP‑104 –, and a control with undiluted semen. Cooled semen was evaluated by 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. There were differences for the duration of motility and fertilization rates among the semen dilutions. Motility duration proved a highly variable evaluation after 72 hours. Dilution testing can be performed by the three products, and cooling storage for 72 hours is most effective with BTS extender.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de soluções diluidoras no resfriamento do sêmen de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) a 6°C. Os tratamentos consistiram de diluições de amostras de sêmen com três soluções – BTS, HBSS e ACP‑104, e de um controle com sêmen não diluído. O sêmen resfriado foi avaliado por 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Houve diferenças quanto à duração da motilidade e taxa de fertilização entre as diluições do sêmen. A duração da motilidade mostrou-se altamente variável depois de 72 horas. Os testes de diluição podem ser realizados pelos três diluidores, e seu armazenamento por 72 horas é mais eficaz com o diluidor BTS

Diferentes soluções diluidoras para o resfriamento do sêmen de tambaqui

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of extenders solutions in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) semen cooling at 6°C. The treatments consisted of semen dilutions with three extenders – BTS, HBSS, and ACP‑104 –, and a control with undiluted semen. Cooled semen was evaluated by 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. There were differences for the duration of motility and fertilization rates among the semen dilutions. Motility duration proved a highly variable evaluation after 72 hours. Dilution testing can be performed by the three products, and cooling storage for 72 hours is most effective with BTS extender.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de soluções diluidoras no resfriamento do sêmen de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) a 6°C. Os tratamentos consistiram de diluições de amostras de sêmen com três soluções – BTS, HBSS e ACP‑104, e de um controle com sêmen não diluído. O sêmen resfriado foi avaliado por 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Houve diferenças quanto à duração da motilidade e taxa de fertilização entre as diluições do sêmen. A duração da motilidade mostrou-se altamente variável depois de 72 horas. Os testes de diluição podem ser realizados pelos três diluidores, e seu armazenamento por 72 horas é mais eficaz com o diluidor BTS

Seminal characteristics of piabanha before and after induction with different hormones

The migratory species piabanha does not reproduce in lentic environments since it requires environmental stimuli for the maturation and extrusion of gametes, and therefore hormonal induction is mandatory. Current study compares the seminal characteristics of Brycon insignis without any hormonal induction (Control - Ctrl) and with two types of hormonal inductors, or rather, carp pituitary extract (T1 - 2.5 mg kg-1 body weight) and GnRH analogues, the latter applied in two different concentrations (T2 - 0.7 mg kg-1 body weight and T3 - 1.4 mg kg-1 body weight). Post-induction analyses showed that the hormones increased the motility rate - Ctrl (95%), T1 (100%), T2 (100%) and T3 (98%), although sperm concentration - Ctrl (11.52 x 109); T1 (4.37 x 109); T2 (4.34 x 109); T3 (4.01 x 109) decreased. Assessments for sperm vigor, motility time and spermatic morphology did not vary with hormonal induction. Hormonal inducer does not alter negatively the seminal characteristics of the piabanha, and the choice for the proper hormone depends on the preference of the dispenser.

Características seminais de piabanha antes e após a indução com diferentes hormônios

The migratory species piabanha does not reproduce in lentic environments since it requires environmental stimuli for the maturation and extrusion of gametes, and therefore hormonal induction is mandatory. Current study compares the seminal characteristics of Brycon insignis without any hormonal induction (Control - Ctrl) and with two types of hormonal inductors, or rather, carp pituitary extract (T1 - 2.5 mg kg-1 body weight) and GnRH analogues, the latter applied in two different concentrations (T2 - 0.7 mg kg-1 body weight and T3 - 1.4 mg kg-1 body weight). Post-induction analyses showed that the hormones increased the motility rate - Ctrl (95%), T1 (100%), T2 (100%) and T3 (98%), although sperm concentration - Ctrl (11.52 x 109); T1 (4.37 x 109); T2 (4.34 x 109); T3 (4.01 x 109) decreased. Assessments for sperm vigor, motility time and spermatic morphology did not vary with hormonal induction. Hormonal inducer does not alter negatively the seminal characteristics of the piabanha, and the choice for the proper hormone depends on the preference of the dispenser.A espécie migradora piabanha não possui a capacidade de reproduzir em ambientes lênticos devido à necessidade de estímulos ambientais para a maturação e extrusão dos gametas, por isso a necessidade da indução hormonal. No presente estudo, as características seminais do Brycon insignis foram comparadas sem indução hormonal (Ctrl) e utilizando dois tipos de indutores hormonais - Extrato de Hipófise de Carpa (T1 - 2,5 mg kg-1 de peso vivo) e Análogos de GnRH, sendo este último aplicado em duas concentrações distintas (T2 - 0,7 mg kg-1 de peso vivo e T3 - 1,4 mg kg-1 de peso vivo). As análises realizadas após a indução mostraram que os hormônios utilizados produziram um aumento da taxa de motilidade - Ctrl (95%), T1 (100%), T2 (100%) e T3 (98%), porém houve uma diminuição na concentração espermática - Ctrl (11,52 x 109), T1 (4,37 x 109), T2 (4,34 x 109) e T3 (4,01 x 109). Os restantes das avaliações, vigor espermático, tempo de motilidade e morfologia espermática não apresentaram variações com a indução hormonal. Portanto, a utilização do indutor hormonal não altera negativamente as características seminais de piabanha, e a escolha do mesmo se deve à preferência do manipulador. Palavras-chave: Brycon insignis, extrato de hipófise de carpa, análogos de GnRH, sêmen

Características seminais de piabanha antes e após a indução com diferentes hormônios

The migratory species piabanha does not reproduce in lentic environments since it requires environmental stimuli for the maturation and extrusion of gametes, and therefore hormonal induction is mandatory. Current study compares the seminal characteristics of Brycon insignis without any hormonal induction (Control - Ctrl) and with two types of hormonal inductors, or rather, carp pituitary extract (T1 - 2.5 mg kg-1 body weight) and GnRH analogues, the latter applied in two different concentrations (T2 - 0.7 mg kg-1 body weight and T3 - 1.4 mg kg-1 body weight). Post-induction analyses showed that the hormones increased the motility rate - Ctrl (95%), T1 (100%), T2 (100%) and T3 (98%), although sperm concentration - Ctrl (11.52 x 109); T1 (4.37 x 109); T2 (4.34 x 109); T3 (4.01 x 109) decreased. Assessments for sperm vigor, motility time and spermatic morphology did not vary with hormonal induction. Hormonal inducer does not alter negatively the seminal characteristics of the piabanha, and the choice for the proper hormone depends on the preference of the dispenser.A espécie migradora piabanha não possui a capacidade de reproduzir em ambientes lênticos devido à necessidade de estímulos ambientais para a maturação e extrusão dos gametas, por isso a necessidade da indução hormonal. No presente estudo, as características seminais do Brycon insignis foram comparadas sem indução hormonal (Ctrl) e utilizando dois tipos de indutores hormonais - Extrato de Hipófise de Carpa (T1 - 2,5 mg kg-1 de peso vivo) e Análogos de GnRH, sendo este último aplicado em duas concentrações distintas (T2 - 0,7 mg kg-1 de peso vivo e T3 - 1,4 mg kg-1 de peso vivo). As análises realizadas após a indução mostraram que os hormônios utilizados produziram um aumento da taxa de motilidade - Ctrl (95%), T1 (100%), T2 (100%) e T3 (98%), porém houve uma diminuição na concentração espermática - Ctrl (11,52 x 109), T1 (4,37 x 109), T2 (4,34 x 109) e T3 (4,01 x 109). Os restantes das avaliações, vigor espermático, tempo de motilidade e morfologia espermática não apresentaram variações com a indução hormonal. Portanto, a utilização do indutor hormonal não altera negativamente as características seminais de piabanha, e a escolha do mesmo se deve à preferência do manipulador. Palavras-chave: Brycon insignis, extrato de hipófise de carpa, análogos de GnRH, sêmen

Functional integrity of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816) sperm cryopreserved with enriched extender solutions

Cryoprotectant solutions are used to protect the sperm from alterations caused by the low temperature in the cryopreservation process. We evaluated the quality of Colossoma macropomum semen after freezing, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant, combined with two extender solutions (T1 - Solution 1: Glucose 90.0 g/L, Sodium Citrate 6.0 g/L, EDTA 1.5 g/L, Sodium Bicarbonate 1.5 g/L, Potassium Chloride 0.8 g/L, Gentamycin Sulphate 0.2 g/L, and T2 - Solution 2: Glucose 90.0 g/L, ACP(r)-104 10.0 g/L). Motility rate and motility time did not differ between T1 and T2 and were lower than fresh semen. The number of normal sperm was significantly different in treatments T1 (15.1%) and T2 (21.9%), and both showed a reduction in the percentage of normal sperm compared to fresh semen (57.4%). The values found for the rates of fertilization and hatching, mitochondrial functionality and sperm DNA, did not differ between the treatments (T1 and T2). Regarding membrane integrity, there was a higher percentage of spermatozoa with intact membranes in T1 (53.4%) than T2 (43.7%). The extender solutions, combined with 10% DMSO, maintained the sperm DNA intact in almost all the C. macropomum sperm cells, however there was a loss in their functionality

Functional integrity of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1816) sperm cryopreserved with enriched extender solutions

Cryoprotectant solutions are used to protect the sperm from alterations caused by the low temperature in the cryopreservation process. We evaluated the quality of Colossoma macropomum semen after freezing, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant, combined with two extender solutions (T1 - Solution 1: Glucose 90.0 g/L, Sodium Citrate 6.0 g/L, EDTA 1.5 g/L, Sodium Bicarbonate 1.5 g/L, Potassium Chloride 0.8 g/L, Gentamycin Sulphate 0.2 g/L, and T2 - Solution 2: Glucose 90.0 g/L, ACP(r)-104 10.0 g/L). Motility rate and motility time did not differ between T1 and T2 and were lower than fresh semen. The number of normal sperm was significantly different in treatments T1 (15.1%) and T2 (21.9%), and both showed a reduction in the percentage of normal sperm compared to fresh semen (57.4%). The values found for the rates of fertilization and hatching, mitochondrial functionality and sperm DNA, did not differ between the treatments (T1 and T2). Regarding membrane integrity, there was a higher percentage of spermatozoa with intact membranes in T1 (53.4%) than T2 (43.7%). The extender solutions, combined with 10% DMSO, maintained the sperm DNA intact in almost all the C. macropomum sperm cells, however there was a loss in their functionality