Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Winter protection of the vinifera grape /

no.100-106(1916-1917

Improvements in DFT Calculations of Spin–Spin Coupling Constants

Different types of spin–spin coupling constants (SSCCs) for several representative small molecules are evaluated and analyzed using a combination of 10 exchange functionals with 12 correlation functionals. For comparison, calculations performed using MCSCF, SOPPA, other common DFT methods, and also experimental data are considered. A detailed study of the percentage of Hartree–Fock exchange energy in SSCCs and in its four contributions is carried out. From the above analysis, a combined functional formed with local Slater (34%), Hartree–Fock exchange (66%), and P86 correlation functional (S66P86) is proposed in this paper. The accuracy of the values obtained with this hybrid functional (mean absolute deviation of 4.5 Hz) is similar to that of the SOPPA method (mean absolute deviation of 4.6 Hz)

Influence of Porous Texture and Surface Chemistry on the CO₂ Adsorption Capacity of Porous Carbons: Acidic and Basic Site Interactions

Doped porous carbons exhibiting highly developed porosity and rich surface chemistry have been prepared and subsequently applied to clarify the influence of both factors on carbon dioxide capture. Nanocasting was selected as synthetic route, in which a polyaramide precursor (3-aminobenzoic acid) was thermally polymerized inside the porosity of an SBA-15 template in the presence of different H₃PO₄ concentrations. The surface chemistry and the porous texture of the carbons could be easily modulated by varying the H₃PO₄ concentration and carbonization temperature. Porous texture was found to be the determinant factor on carbon dioxide adsorption at 0 °C, while surface chemistry played an important role at higher adsorption temperatures. We proved that nitrogen functionalities acted as basic sites and oxygen and phosphorus groups as acidic ones toward adsorption of CO₂ molecules. Among the nitrogen functional groups, pyrrolic groups exhibited the highest influence, while the positive effect of pyridinic and quaternary functionalities was smaller. Finally, some of these N-doped carbons exhibit CO₂ heats of adsorption higher than 42 kJ/mol, which make them excellent candidates for CO₂ capture

Anisotropic In-Plane Conductivity and Dichroic Gold Plasmon Resonance in Plasma-Assisted ITO Thin Films e‑Beam-Evaporated at Oblique Angles

ITO thin films have been prepared by electron beam evaporation at oblique angles (OA), directly and while assisting their growth with a downstream plasma. The films microstructure, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and glancing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, consisted of tilted and separated nanostructures. In the plasma assisted films, the tilting angle decreased and the nanocolumns became associated in the form of bundles along the direction perpendicular to the flux of evaporated material. The annealed films presented different in-depth and sheet resistivity as confirmed by scanning conductivity measurements taken for the individual nanocolumns. In addition, for the plasma-assisted thin films, two different sheet resistance values were determined by measuring along the nanocolumn bundles or the perpendicular to it. This in-plane anisotropy induces the electrochemical deposition of elongated gold nanostructures. The obtained Au-ITO composite thin films were characterized by anisotropic plasmon resonance absorption and a dichroic behavior when examined with linearly polarized light

Development of a Selective Chemical Etch To Improve the Conversion Efficiency of Zn-Rich Cu₂ZnSnS₄ Solar Cells

Improvement of the efficiency of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS)-based solar cells requires the development of specific procedures to remove or avoid the formation of detrimental secondary phases. The presence of these phases is favored by the Zn-rich and Cu-poor conditions that are required to obtain device-grade layers. We have developed a selective chemical etching process based on the use of hydrochloric acid solutions to remove Zn-rich secondary phases from the CZTS film surface, which are partly responsible for the deterioration of the series resistance of the cells and, as a consequence, the conversion efficiency. Using this approach, we have obtained CZTS-based devices with 5.2% efficiency, which is nearly twice that of the devices we have prepared without this etching process

Microporous Polymer Networks for Carbon Capture Applications

A new generation of porous polymer networks has been obtained in quantitative yield by reacting two rigid trifunctional aromatic monomers (1,3,5-triphenylbenzene and triptycene) with two ketones having electron-withdrawing groups (trifluoroacetophenone and isatin) in superacidic media. The resulting amorphous networks are microporous materials, with moderate Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas (from 580 to 790 m² g^–1), and have high thermal stability. In particular, isatin yields networks with a very high narrow microporosity contribution, 82% for triptycene and 64% for 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene. The existence of favorable interactions between lactams and CO₂ molecules has been stated. The materials show excellent CO₂ uptakes (up to 207 mg g^–1 at 0 °C/1 bar) and can be regenerated by vacuum, without heating. Under postcombustion conditions, their CO₂/N₂ selectivities are comparable to those of other organic porous networks. Because of the easily scalable synthetic method and their favorable characteristics, these materials are very promising as industrial adsorbents

Memorias para formar un Catálogo alfabético de los Españoles, Americanos y Estrangeros célebres que mas se han señalado en España desde el año 1200 hasta nuestros dias, en todas las carreras

PC 486; 8 Mb de memoria RAM (recomendado 16 Mb); MS-DOS 6.0 y Microsoft Windows 3.1 o superior; Espacio libre en disco local superior a 10 Mb; Monitor VGA (recomendado SVGA, resolución 800 x 600, 256 colores); Lector de CD-ROM local o en redTít. tomado de la etiquetaAntonio, Nicolás: Bibliotheca hispana nova: sive hispanorum scriptorum qui ab anno MD. ad MDCLXXXIV. flourere notitia: tomus primus. Matriti [Madrid]: Apud Joachimum de Ibarra typographum regium, 1783. -- Antonio, Nicolás: Bibliotheca hispana nova: sive hispanorum scriptorum qui ab anno MD. ad MDCLXXXIV. flourere notitia: tomus secundus. Matriti [Madrid]: Apud viduam et heredes Joachimi de Ibarra typographi regii, 1788. -- Antonio, Nicolás: Bibliotheca hispana vetus: sive hispani scriptores qui ab octaviani augusti aevo ad annum ChristiMD. floruerunt: tomus primus.Matriti [Madrid]: Apud viduam at heredes D. Ioachimi Ibarrae regii quondam typographi, 1788. -- Antonio, Nicolás: Bibliotheca hispana vetus: sive hispani scriptores qui ab octaviani augusti aevo ad annumChristiMD. floruerunt: tomus secundus.Matriti [Madrid]: Apud viduam at heredes D. Ioachimi Ibarrae regii quondam typographi, 1788. -- Biografía de hombres célebres nacidos del pueblo, con las épocas de su nacimiento y muerte, y noticia de las profesiones en que se han distinguido, ó concepto a que deben su nombradia: Tomos I, II y III. Madrid: [s. n.] (oficina del Establecimiento Central), 1843. -- Catálogo de los escritores que pueden servir de autoridad en el uso de los vocablos y de las frases de la lengua castellana. Madrid: [s. n.] (Imprenta de Pedro Abienzo), 1874. -- Ferrer Del Río, Antonio: Galería de la literatura española. Madrid: [s. n.] (Establecimiento tipográfico de D. F. de P. Mellado), 1846. -- Fuertes Acevedo, Máximo: Bosquejo acerca del estado que alcanzó en todas épocas la literatura en Asturias, seguido de una extensa bibliografía de los escritores asturianos. Badajoz: [s. n.] (Tipografia La Industria], 1885. -- González De Posada, Carlos: Memorias historicas del Principado de Asturias y Obispado de Oviedo: tomo I. Tarragona: por Pedro Canals, 1794. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Bibliotheca antigua de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde la venida de Christo hasta el año 1500: tomo I. En Zaragoza: en la Oficina de Medardo Heras, 1796. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Bibliotheca antigua de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde la venida de Christo hasta el año 1500: tomo II. En Zaragoza: en la Oficina de Medardo Heras, 1796. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Biblioteca nueva de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde el año de 1500 hasta 1599: tomo I. En Pamplona: En la Oficina de Joaquin de Domingo, 1798. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Biblioteca nueva de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde el año de 1600 hasta 1640: tomo II. En Pamplona: En la Oficina de Joaquin de Domingo, 1799. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Biblioteca nueva de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde el año de 1641 hasta 1680: tomo III. En Pamplona: En la Oficina de Joaquin de Domingo, 1799. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Biblioteca nueva de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde el año de 1689 hasta el de 1753: tomo IV. En Pamplona: En la Oficina de Joaquin de Domingo, 1800. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Biblioteca nueva de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde el año de 1753 hasta 1795: tomo V. En Pamplona: En la Oficina de Joaquin de Domingo, 1801. -- Latassa y Ortín, Félix De: Biblioteca nueva de los escritores aragoneses que florecieron desde el año de 1795 hasta el de 1802: tomo VI. En Pamplona: En la Oficina de Joaquin de Domingo, 1802. -- Martín Mateos, Nicomedes: Biografías asturianas: primera serie. Madrid: [s. n.] (Imp. part. de Patria y Letras), 1916. -- Memorias para formar un Catálogo alfabético de los Españoles, Americanos y Estrangeros célebres que mas se han señalado en España desde el año 1200 hasta nuestros dias, en todas las carreras: tomo I. Segovia: sobrinos de Espinosa, 1854. -- Rodríguez De Castro, José: Biblioteca española: tomo primero... En Madrid: En la Imprenta Real de la Gazeta, 1781. -- Rodríguez De Castro, José: Biblioteca española: tomo segundo... En Madrid: En la Imprenta Real, 1786. -- Rodríguez y García, Fabián: Ensayo para una Galeria de Asturianos Ilustres precedida de ligeros apuntes estadísticos, geográficos é históricos sobre la provincia de Oviedo. 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Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union