La Esfinge en las Monedas de Cástulo

[ES] La esfinge alada y marchando es el tipo constante en las monedas de Cástuio. En las primeras emisiones el tocado de la esfinge es vano: Mitra, Klaft y Uraeus; para el resto de las acuñaciones, casco con dos alitas. Un estudio a través de los campos culturales con iconografías de esfinges similares, nos llevan a descartar una influencia romano-griega para estas monedas de fines del siglo III b.C. Las esfinges aparecidas en la Penínsuh son de estirpe clásica: sentadas sobre sus cuartos traseros, la de Agost, Salobral, etc. La nuestra mantiene una iconografía típicamente oriental'zante, pasada de moda en el mundo clásico hacía cuatro siglos y cuya pervivencia sólo se explica dentro del ámbito púnico, tradicional en sus representaciones pero tan influido por el estilo heleníst'co en época bárquida. Ni los tocado,, de la esfinge ni la iconografía en general pueden haber nacido bajo auspicios romanos.[EN] The winged and walking Sphinx is the constant type on the coins of Cástulo. In the first issues, the headdress can vary: mitra, klaft and uraeus. Very soon, this headdress becomes constant in all the rest of issues: a helmet with two winglets. A study through the cultural fields of the iconography of similar sphinxes, leads us to discard any roman-greek influence, in these coins of the end of the third century B.C. The sphinxes which appeared in the Peninsula are of classical lineage: seated on their rear legs, the one of Agost, Salobral, etc... Ours, maintains an iconography typically orientalizing, which had been outdated for four centuries in the classical world and whose survivorship can only be explained within a punie milieu, traditional in its representations but influenced by the helenistic style in the barquida era. Neithere the headdresses of the sphinxes nor the iconography in general can have been born under roman auspices

Sobre la moneda de los íberos

Una revisión general sobre la moneda republicana en la Península lleva a concluir que la amonedación está íntimamente ligada a cuestiones socio-políticas que no guardan relación directa con un mayor o menor desarrollo material de las ciudades acuñadoras, y sí con tradiciones político-económicas. Los íberos no acuñan casi moneda, mientras que celtíberos y berones emiten profusamente. Un estudio de las cecas propiamente ibéricas lleva a deslindar a los pueblos del norte del Ebro, posiblemente no iberos, de edetanos y contestanos a quienes se adscribirían sin embargo los indiketes

«Tesorillo» Salmantino de Denarios Ibéricos

En junio de 1973, al descargar material de relleno para las obras en la plaza de la Catedral de Salamanca, se abrió un terruño —cacharro dicen algunos obreros— del que salieron 32 denarios ibéricos. El material procedía de los cimientos de una casa sita en la calle Libreros a unos cien metros de la propia Catedral, zona toda ella alta que desciende luego rápidamente sobre el río, donde ya habían aparecido restos antiguos y que por su situación estuvo habitada ya en tiempos prerromanos. El tesorillo, repartido entre los obreros, fue recuperado gracias a las gestiones del Prof. Jordá, quien muy amablemente me ha ofrecido su publicación. Actualmente se encuentra en el Museo local

Roma y los sistemas monetarios provinciales. Monedas romanas acuñadas en Hispania en la segunda guerra púnica

[ES] Se señala la libertad económica que la Roma republicana concedió a las provincias para la acuñación de moneda local y para la utilización de los sistema ponderales propios. En el caso de Hispania todos los valores acuñados bajo Roma proceden de patrones indígenas, incluido el mal llamado "denario ibérico". Por su parte, los generales romanos gozan de la misma libertad de acuñación respecto a su sistema monetario y se aprovechan de los factores económicos más rentables en las provincias; de ello son testimonio todos los valores anómalos de plata acuñados por Roma en Hispania que ya conocíamos y las nuevas monedas que publicamos aquí: una dracma del Juramento y los ases y semises de plata, las libellae y simbellae citadas por Varrón.[EN] ABSTRACT. We point out the economic freedom that Rome allowed the provinces in regard to the monetary sistems. In Hispania all the values minted in the Republican times are inscribed in the indigenous metrological standards, included the wrongly called "denario ibérico". On their side the Roman generals enjoyed the same freedom for minting any value in any metal in the provinces in regard to profit the special economic characteristic of the land. That is proved by all the anomalous silver denominations minted by the Romans in Spain, some of them newly discovered: a drachme of the Oath-taking scene and the silver ases and semises, the libellae and simbellae quoted by Varron

Iconografía fenicio-púnica en moneda romana republicana de la Bética

Me atrevería a decir que la casi totalidad de la iconografía monetal en la Bética republicana es de origen semita, aunque indudablemente no toda ella pertenezca a una misma facies cultural2. Por un lado están las ciudades fenicias y púnicas asentadas de antaño en la Península, que han desarrollado ya una iconografía más clásica aunque el contenido cultual siga siendo fenicio hasta fechas bien tardías, aconsejando en muchos casos leer bajo formas grecorromanas alusiones a cultos semitas

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger