Implicación en los estudios y consumo de drogas de adultos emergentes universitarios

En las últimas décadas se han producido numerosas transformaciones en las sociedades industrializadas que han contribuido a que algunos investigadores determinen que ha surgido una nueva etapa en el desarrollo de los y las jóvenes llamada “adultez emergente”. En este estudio, pretendemos conocer la implicación en los estudios, el consumo de drogas y el apoyo social percibido por los adultos emergentes. Asimismo, el objetivo principal de nuestro estudio es analizar en qué medida el apoyo social de la familia y los amigos percibido por los adultos emergentes se relaciona con su implicación en los estudios y su consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis (hachís, marihuana…). Este estudio supone una investigación cuantitativa transversal de un grupo de 209 chicos y chicas adultos emergentes universitarios a los que se les administró cuestionarios relativos a apoyo social de la familia y los amigos, la implicación en los estudios y el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y cannabis. Los resultados señalan que los adultos emergentes de nuestra muestra perciben altos niveles apoyo social de la familia y de los amigos. Además, muestran un alto nivel de implicación en los estudios. Asimismo, conceden gran importancia a la familia, la cual se relaciona con su alta implicación en los estudios y su bajo consumo de hachís o marihuana. El trabajo presenta uno de los pocos estudios realizados en España sobre la adultez emergente y resalta la importancia del conocimiento y la intervención en esta etapa del ciclo vital para el campo de la Psicología.In recent decades there have been a lot of changes in industrialized societies that have contributed to some researchers determined that emergence of a new stage in the development of young people, it called “Emerging Adulthood”. In this study, we pretend to know drug use, involvement studies and family and friend social support perceived by emerging adults. Besides, the main aim of our study is analysed how social support and friends perceived by emerging adults is related to this involvement studies and alcohol, tobacco and hashish and marijuana consumption. This study is a transversal quantitative research of a group of 209 boys and girls undergraduate emerging adults. Questionnaires about family and friend social support, involvement studies and alcohol, tobacco and hashish or marijuana consumption were applied. The results indicate that emerging adults perceive high levels of family support and friend support. Moreover, they show a high level of involvement in studies. Besides, they give great importance to the family which influences their involvement in studies and drug use hashish or marijuana consumption. This work is one of the few researches about emerging adulthood in Spain and underlines the importance of its knowledge and intervention in the field of Psychology on this life cycle stage.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad EDU 2013-45687-

The role of parents in emerging adults’ psychological well-being: A person-oriented approach

The purpose of this study was to gain an overview of Spanish emerging adults’ family relationships and their link with psychological well-being and psychological distress. The sample comprised 1502 undergraduate students (903 women and 599 men) aged between 18 and 29 (M = 20.32 and SD = 2.13), recruited from two universities in Spain. A cluster analysis identified three groups of families based on the centrality of five family variables: parental involvement, parental support for autonomy, parental warmth, behavioral control and psychological control. The three groups or clusters were labeled high-quality family relationships (HQ), intermediate-quality family relationships (IQ) and low-quality family relationships (LQ). Women were overrepresented in the HQ cluster, whereas men were overrepresented in the IQ cluster. Moreover, emerging adults who perceived better family relationships (high levels of parental involvement, parental support for autonomy and parental warmth, and low levels of behavioral and psychological control) were found to have a higher level of psychological adjustment. Thus, our results indicate that family plays a key role in the psychological well-being of emerging adults. The discussion focuses on the implications of this finding for the parent-child relationship, and explores how it extends our knowledge about family relationships during emerging adulthood

Fibrolytic activity of four Trichoderma strains grown on agro-industrial residues

The aim of this study was to compare the cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of two strains of Trichoderma viride, one of Trichoderma reesei and one of Trichoderma harzianum grown on four different substrates. Each substrate contained 20% wheat bran and 80% agro-industrial waste (corn stover (CS), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), Yucca schidigera fiber (YS), or compost elaborated from solid waste generated in the university cafeteria (CSW)). An interaction (P < 0.01) between the substrate and strain was detected for both cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme activities. The highest cellulolytic activity (P < 0.01) was obtained with T. reesei grown on YS, CS, and SBC, and the lowest was from the two T. viride strains grown on most of the substrates. The highest xylanolytic activities (P < 0.01) were detected for T. harzianum with YS and SCB and T. reesei with CSW and CS, while one T. viride strain exhibited intermediate and the other showed the lowest activity. In conclusion, T. reesei CDBB356 showed the highest fibrolytic activity for most of the tested substrates, a finding that suggests it has the highest potential for fibrolytic enzyme production. There is a potential application for T. reesei CDBB356 enzymes on ruminant feed supplements to improve forage digestibility.The aim of this study was to compare the cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of two strains of Trichoderma viride, one of Trichoderma reesei and one of Trichoderma harzianum grown on four different substrates. Each substrate contained 20% wheat bran and 80% agro-industrial waste (corn stover (CS), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), Yucca schidigera fiber (YS), or compost elaborated from solid waste generated in the university cafeteria (CSW)). An interaction (P < 0.01) between the substrate and strain was detected for both cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme activities. The highest cellulolytic activity (P < 0.01) was obtained with T. reesei grown on YS, CS, and SBC, and the lowest was from the two T. viride strains grown on most of the substrates. The highest xylanolytic activities (P < 0.01) were detected for T. harzianum with YS and SCB and T. reesei with CSW and CS, while one T. viride strain exhibited intermediate and the other showed the lowest activity. In conclusion, T. reesei CDBB356 showed the highest fibrolytic activity for most of the tested substrates, a finding that suggests it has the highest potential for fibrolytic enzyme production. There is a potential application for T. reesei CDBB356 enzymes on ruminant feed supplements to improve forage digestibility

Perceived parenting styles and adjustment during emerging adulthood: a cross-national perspective

The aim of the present study is to determine whether the influence of parenting style on children’s wellbeing is sustained during emerging adulthood. This is a stage in which young people, despite feeling themselves to be adults, often remain in the family home and continue to be financially dependent on their parents. Moreover, since parents’ beliefs, attitudes and behaviors are constructed and interpreted within their cultural milieu, the study also aims to explore the situation in Spain (SP) and Portugal (PT). Those two Southern Europe countries are representative of what is known as the “family welfare regime”, in which the family acts as the main provider of care and security not only during childhood, but also during emerging adulthood. Thus, the present study examines, from a cross-cultural perspective, the relationship between perceived parenting styles and psychological adjustment among a sample of 1047 emerging adults from Spain and Portugal. The results reveal that the most beneficial styles during this stage are the authoritative and permissive ones, with the authoritarian style being more closely related to psychological distress. The study highlights intercultural similarities and the positive role played by more symmetrical relationships in the adjustment of emerging adults in both countries.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad EDU2013-45687-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad RTI2018-097405-B-I0

Depression, Gender Differences and Family Relationships during Emerging Adulthood. A longitudinal study.

Over the last three decades, older children have begun to remain in the family home for longer, and currently, most young people in Spain continue to live with their parents until well into their thirties. This means that two adult generations often live under the same roof, thus requiring a new type of family relationship. While there is some evidence regarding how family relationships influence emerging adults’ adjustment, since most of it comes from cross-sectional studies, no causal influences can be inferred. This paper has two aims. First, it seeks to examine, from a gender perspective, whether family relationships change or remain stable from the initial to the intermediate years of emerging adulthood. And second, it aims to analyze the relationship between parental behavior when emerging adults are in their early twenties and their depressive symptoms four years later. Participants were 400 emerging adults (258 women) aged between 18 and 29 (Women - Mean: 20.35; SD: 2.02 at W1 and Mean: 23.70; SD: 2.06 at W2; and Men - Mean: 20.23; SD: 2.08 at W1 and Mean: 23.57; SD: 2.14 at W2) participating in the Transition to Adulthood in Spain project. The questionnaire included sociodemographic variables (gender and age), family relationship variables (family social support, parental involvement, parental warmth, parental support for autonomy and parental behavioral and psychological control) and emerging adults’ depressive symptoms. Our results revealed a high level of relative stability in the scores obtained by all participants (men and women) for all the variables studied. Regarding absolute stability, high continuity was observed in parental support for autonomy and parental involvement, although there was a decrease in emerging adults’ perceptions of family social support, parental warmth and control. Women perceived greater parental involvement and parental warmth than men, while men perceived a higher level of behavioral control. Family control at wave 1 correlated positively with depressive symptoms at wave 2; all other family variables correlated negatively. The results also revealed a moderating effect of parental involvement on the association between behavioral control at wave 1 and depressive symptoms at wave 2. Our findings provide evidence that, in 21st century Spain, differences still exist between men and women in the way they perceive family relationships, probably as a reflection of gender-based differences in their upbringing which continue to persist, even in this day and age. Moreover, among both men and women, parental involvement seems to be a protective factor for depressive symptoms among emerging adults’ from overbearing families. This study highlights the need for social policies aimed at fostering positive parenting during emerging adulthood. It also underscores the need for longitudinal studies as a means of shedding light on the changes which take place in the family context during this developmental stage, and how they influence emerging adults’ adjustment

Genetic types, gene repertoire, and evolution of isolates of the Salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- Spanish clone assigned to different phage types

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 4,[5],12:i:− is one of the most prevalent serovars associated with human infections worldwide. Two multidrug-resistant clones, designated Spanish and European clones, are recognized as having importance for public health and are subject to control measures in the European Union. In this study, 23 clinical isolates belonging to the Spanish clone were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), PCR amplification and sequencing, and a DNA microarray targeting 263 genes, in order to provide new insights into their origins and further evolution. The derived data were compared with information available from other studies for S. 4,[5],12:i:− isolates of both the Spanish and the European clones, to identify differential molecular markers which could be potentially used as surveillance tools in the control of dissemination of this serovar. The isolates analyzed were assigned to sequence type 19 and to 17 MLVA patterns, with 3-13-16-NA-311 being the most prevalent. Highly similar virulence, metabolic, and prophage-associated gene profiles were identified, but DNA mobility markers distinguished five genotypes. Two types of deletions, caused by insertion of IS26, presumably donated by pUO-STmR/RV1-like plasmids typically found in the Spanish clone, affected the fljAB operon and surrounding DNA. The Spanish and European clones differ in sequence type, MLVA patterns, gene repertoire, and fljAB deletion type. The observed variability supports an independent evolution of the two successful monophasic clones from different Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ancestors and can be taken into consideration for epidemiological surveillance

Emotional Autonomy and Adjustment among Emerging Adults: The Moderating Role of Family Relationships

Emerging adults build their personal maturity within the family context, however, there is a lack of studies regarding the role of emotional autonomy during this stage. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between emotional autonomy and adjustment during emerging adulthood, bearing in mind the possible moderating role of parental support in this relationship. Data was collected from 1502 Spanish undergraduate students (903 women) aged between 18 and 29. Results indicated that emotional autonomy correlated negatively with family support and psychological wellbeing and positively with psychological distress. However, only when young people perceive a family context with low social support is gaining emotional distance from their parents associated with an increase in their psychological well-being. Our findings highlight the crucial role that family environment plays in well-being during young adulthood, and reveal that the effect of emotional distancing from parents on adjustment depends on the quality of the family climate. Future research should gain more in-depth knowledge of emotional autonomy during emerging adulthood, taking into account cross-cultural diversity

Stability and change in family relationships in the transitional period of emerging adulthood

Throughout emerging adulthood, family relationships have been scarcely studied in South European countries and the research using longitudinal designs are practically non-existent. This study has two specific objectives. First, to examine whether family relationships changes or remain stable over emerging adulthood. Second, to analyse whether parent-child relationship at the beginning of emerging adulthood are associated with psychological distress four years later. Method: A sample of 400 emerging adults was followed from early to middle emerging adulthood. They completed, at wave 1 (Mean: 20.31; SD: 2.04) and wave 2 (Mean: 23.66; SD: 2.08), questionnaires to measure socio-demographic variables (age and sex), family social support, parental involvement, parental warmth, parental autonomy support, behavioural and psychological control exercised by parents, and psychological distress. Results: Data showed high relative stability in family relationships seen globally. There is absolute stability in parental involvement and parental autonomy support meanwhile parental social support, parental warmth and parental control decrease over the years. Parental control at W1 is significantly and positively associated with psychological distress at W2. By contrast, the rest of the family variables analysed at W1 had a negative and significant association with psychological distress at W2. Discussion: These findings suggest that although some parental behaviours decrease throughout emerging adulthood, family relationships still play an important role during the third-decade people’s lives. Finally, our findings highlight the importance of spreading our knowledge about this stage in the European context in order to optimize young people’s development with psychoeducational programs for them and their families who faced a new challenge during these years

Estilos educativos parentales y malestar psicológico en adultos emergentes universitarios del sur de Europa

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal examinar la relación existente entre los estilos educativos parentales y el malestar psicológico de adultos y adultas emergentes estudiantes de Universidad. Debido a que las prácticas parentales se interpretan y construyen dentro del contexto cultural en que se llevan a cabo, hemos realizado el estudio en dos países distintos del sur de Europa, España y Portugal. Los estilos educativos parentales se crearon siguiendo el método empleado en el clásico estudio de Lamborn, Mounts, Steinberg and Dornsbush (1991) basado en puntuaciones terciles. La muestra estuvo compuesta por personas adultas emergentes universitarias de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 30 años procedentes de España (N = 552; M = 20,29; SD = 2,13) y Portugal (N = 492; M = 20,20; SD = 2,10). El principal resultado es que los y las estudiantes de Universidad que perciben a sus padres y madres con un estilo educativo autoritario tienen mayores niveles de malestar psicológico en ambos países, tanto España como Portugal. Nuestros resultados revelan por un lado, la necesidad de realizar estudios sobre relaciones familiares durante la adultez emergente en los países del sur de Europa, ya que en estos países la mayoría de los y las jóvenes vive esta etapa en el contexto familiar y la familia continúa siendo un referente fundamental en la promoción de un desarrollo saludable. Por otro lado, la necesidad de politicas sociales de apoyo a la familia durante esta etapa del desarrollo

Calidad percibida y su relación con la satisfacción del paciente odontológico en el “Hospital Marino Molina”. Comas. Lima.2013

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general, determinar qué relación existe entre la calidad percibida y la satisfacción en los pacientes odontológicos en el Hospital Marino Molina.Comas. Lima. 2013. La población constituida por pacientes atendidos en el servicio de odontología en el año 2013.El muestro no probabilístico por conveniencia. El tamaño de la muestra 120 pacientes, en los cuales se han aplicado dos instrumentos para medir las variables: calidad percibida y la satisfacción del paciente. El método empleado en la investigación fue el hipotético-deductivo. Esta investigación utilizó el diseño no experimental de nivel correlacional de corte transeccional, que recogió la información en un período específico, que se desarrolló al aplicar los instrumentos: Cuestionario de Calidad percibida, el cual estuvo constituido por 22 preguntas en la escala de Likert (totalmente de acuerdo, de acuerdo, ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo, en desacuerdo, totalmente en desacuerdo) y el cuestionario de satisfacción del paciente el cual estuvo constituido por 11 preguntas, en la escala de Likert (muy poco, poco, medio, bastante, mucho), que brindaron información acerca de la calidad percibida y la satisfacción del paciente, a través de la evaluación de sus distintas dimensiones, cuyos resultados se presentan gráfica y textualmente. La investigación concluye que existe evidencia significativa para afirmar que: La calidad percibida tiene una relación significativa con la satisfacción del paciente odontológico en el Hospital Marino Molina Comas Lima 2013.; habiéndose determinado un coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman 0.824, lo que representa un nivel de correlación alta