Flora vascular de la sierra de San Vicente (Toledo, España)

Tesis inédita de Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Departamento de Biología vegetal I, leída en 2003Fac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEProQuestpu

Macroecology and ecoinformatics: evaluating the accuracy of the ecological niche models calibrated with species occurrence data with biases and/or errors

Hoy en día es común estudiar los patrones globales de biodiversidad a partir de las predicciones generadas por diferentes modelos de nicho ecológico. Habitualmente, estos modelos se calibran con datos procedentes de bases de datos de libre acceso (e.g. GBIF). Sin embargo, a pesar de la facilidad de descarga y de la accesibilidad de los datos, la información almacenada sobre las localidades donde están presentes las especies suele tener sesgos y errores. Estos problemas en los datos de calibración pueden modificar drásticamente las predicciones de los modelos y con ello pueden enmascarar los patrones macroecológicos reales. El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar qué métodos producen resultados más precisos cuando los datos de calibración incluyen sesgos y cuáles producen mejores resultados cuando los datos de calibración tienen, además de sesgos, errores. Para ello creado una especie virtual, hemos proyectado su distribución en la península ibérica, hemos muestreado su distribución de manera sesgada y hemos calibrado dos tipos de modelos de distribución (Bioclim y Maxent) con muestras de distintos tamaños. Nuestros resultados indican que cuando los datos sólo están sesgados, los resultados de Bioclim son mejores que los de Maxent. Sin embargo, Bioclim es extremadamente sensible a la presencia de errores en los datos de calibración. En estas situaciones, el comportamiento de Maxent es mucho más robusto y las predicciones que proporciona son más ajustadas.In spite of the biases and errors of the open access biodiversity databases we need to take advantage of the occurrences stored in those databases for analyzing the global patterns of biodiversity. Here, we aimed to test which modelling method produces better predictions when calibrated with data samples that have biases and errors. We tested two different methods, a complex one, Maxent, and a simple one, Bioclim. We created a virtual species, sampled its distribution with both, bias and errors, and calibrated the models with those samples. Results indicated that Bioclim produces better predictions than Maxent when calibrated with biased data sets. Bioclim did not overestimate the species’ range and it was able to produce accurate predictions even when calibrated with small and biased data samples (25-50 points). However, when wrong occurrences were included in the calibration samples, Bioclim over-predicted the species’ range. Our experiments indicated that in that case, Maxent predictions remained robust and provided accurate maps. Thus, if the calibration data samples have just biases, Bioclim provided better maps than Maxent. However, when samples have both, biases and wrong occurrences, Maxent model provided better results than Bioclim.Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de los proyectos: “Support of establishment, development and mobility of quality research teams at the Charles University” CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0022, financiado por la European Science Foundation y la República Checa (S.Varela); y “Potential effects of climate change on Natura 2000 conservation targets in Castilla-La Mancha (CLICHE)” (Ref. no.: POIC10-0311-0585), financiado por el gobierno de Castilla La-Mancha, España (S. Varela, R. G. Mateos, R. García-Valdés, and F. Fernández-González)

Considering plant functional connectivity in landscape conservation and restoration management

Landscape connectivity has traditionally been studied for animal species rather than for plants, especially under a multispecies approach. However, connectivity can be equally critical for both fauna and flora and, thus, an essential point in the selection of key management areas and measures. This paper explores a spatially explicit framework to assess the contribution of habitat patches in the conservation and enhancement of plant functional connectivity and habitat availability in a multispecies context. It relies on graph theory and a habitat availability index and differentiates between two management scenarios: (i) conservation; and (ii) restoration, by considering current and potential species distribution based on species distribution models together with a vegetation survey. The results mapped at high spatial resolution priority target areas to apply management measures. We found that intervening in a small proportion of the study area may lead to double the average overall landscape connectivity of the studied species. This study aimed at proposing an innovative methodology that allows studying connectivity for multiple plant species at landscape scale while integrating their individual characteristics. The proposed framework is a step toward incorporating connectivity concerns into plant biodiversity management, based on a better understanding of landscape structure and functionality. Here, we illustrated its significant potential for local conservation and restoration planning and resource optimizatio

Unravelling plant diversification: Intraspecific genetic differentiation in hybridizing Anacyclus species in the western Mediterranean Basin

Premise: The interfertile species Anacyclus clavatus, A. homogamos, and A. valentinus represent a plant complex coexisting in large anthropic areas of the western Mediterranean Basin with phenotypically mixed populations exhibiting a great floral variation. The goal of this study was to estimate the genetic identity of each species, to infer the role of hybridization in the observed phenotypic diversity, and to explore the effect of climate on the geographic distribution of species and genetic clusters. Methods: We used eight nuclear microsatellites to genotype 585 individuals from 31 populations of three Anacyclus species for population genetic analyses by using clustering algorithms based on Bayesian models and ordination methods. In addition, we used ecological niche models and niche overlap analyses for both the species and genetic clusters. We used an expanded data set, including 721 individuals from 129 populations for ecological niche models of the genetic clusters. Results: We found a clear correspondence between species and genetic clusters, except for A. clavatus that included up to three genetic clusters. We detected individuals with admixed genetic ancestry in A. clavatus and in mixed populations. Ecological niche models predicted similar distributions for species and genetic clusters. For the two specific genetic clusters of A. clavatus, ecological niche models predicted remarkably different areas. Conclusions: Gene flow between Anacyclus species likely explains phenotypic diversity in contact areas. In addition, we suggest that introgression could be involved in the origin of one of the two A. clavatus genetic clusters, which also showed ecological differentiationPID2019‐104135GB‐I00, PID2021‐124187NB‐I0

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de enfermedad grasa hepática no alcohólica en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

Introducción: La patogénesis de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica (EHGNA) y de laenfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) no son del todo bien conocidas. La EHGNA podría tenersu origen en la resistencia insulínica y en las alteraciones metabólicas ligadas al depósito de grasahepática, junto con una asociación con el síndrome metabólico y la obesidad. A ello, se suma lareciente irrupción de la microbiota intestinal como otra posible causa (teoría “multi-hit”). Elorigen de la EII más aceptado es el de una activación del sistema inmune en relación con ladisbiosis de la microbiota intestinal unida a desencadenantes ambientales en individuosgenéticamente predispuestos. Diferentes estudios han propuesto una relación entre EHGNA y EII,planteando la existencia de dos fenotipos de EHGNA en pacientes con EII: un fenotipo asociadoa factores de riesgo metabólico y un fenotipo asociado a factores inflamatorios de la EII(inmunomediado).Objetivos: 1) Evaluar la prevalencia de EHGNA y fibrosis asociada en pacientes con EII. 2)Identificar factores de riesgo metabólico y no metabólico para el desarrollo de EHGNA enpacientes con EII.Material y métodos: Estudio transversal que incluyó pacientes consecutivos con EII atendidosen Hospital Clínico de Zaragoza a lo largo de febrero de 2020. Para el diagnóstico de EHGNA yfibrosis se realizó: ecografía, elastografía de transición con CAP e índices serológicos.Resultados: Se incluyeron 144 pacientes. La prevalencia de EHGNA y de fibrosis asociada fuede 39,3% y 2,2%, respectivamente. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo metabólico deEHGNA en pacientes con EII: DM-II (OR=12,32), hipercolesterolemia (OR=3,31),hipertrigliceridemia (OR=5,14), IMC elevado (OR=1,44, por cada punto de IMC) y síndromemetabólico (OR=8,43). La dieta mediterránea se halló como posible factor protector (OR=0,437).En lo referente al fenotipo inmunomediado, solo la edad al diagnóstico de la EII se asoció aldesarrollo de EHGNA (OR=1,03).Conclusiones: 1) La prevalencia de EHGNA en pacientes con EII es elevada, siendo laprevalencia de fibrosis similar a la descrita en población general. 2) Se confirma la asociación defactores de riesgo metabólico en el desarrollo de EHGNA en pacientes con EII, 3) La dietamediterránea parece tener un papel protector en el desarrollo de EHGNA en pacientes con EII.<br /

Hardware transactional memory with software-defined conflicts

In this paper we propose conflict-defined blocks, a programming language construct that allows programmers to change the concept of conflict from one transaction to another, or even throughout the course of the same transaction. Defining conflicts in software makes possible the removal of dependencies which, though not necessary for the correct execution of the transactions, arise as a result of the coarse synchronization style encouraged by TM. Programmers take advantage of their knowledge about the problem and specify through confict-defined blocks what types of dependencies are superfluous in a certain part of the transaction, in order to extract more performance out of coarse-grained transactions without having to write minimally synchronized code. Our experiments with several transactional benchmarks reveal that using software-defined conflicts, the programmer achieves significant reductions in the number of aborted transactions and improve scalability.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Insights on biodiversity drivers to predict species richness in tropical forests at the local scale

Disentangling the relative importance of different biodiversity drivers (i.e., climate, edaphic, historical factors, or human impact) to predict plant species richness at the local scale is one of the most important challenges in ecology. Biodiversity modelling is a key tool for the integration of these drivers and the predictions generated are essential, for example, for climate change forecast and conservation planning. However, the reliability of biodiversity models at the local scale remains poorly understood, especially in tropical species-rich areas, where they are required. We inventoried all woody plants with stems ≥ 2.5 cm in 397 plots across the Andes-Amazon gradient. We generated and mapped 19 uncorrelated biodiversity drivers at 90 m resolution, grouped into four categories: microclimatic, microtopographic, anthropic, and edaphic. In order to evaluate the importance of the different categories, we grouped biodiversity drivers into four different clusters by categories. For each of the four clusters of biodiversity drivers, we modelled the observed species richness using two statistical techniques (random forest and Bayesian inference) and two modelling procedures (including or excluding a spatial component). All the biodiversity models produced were evaluated by cross-validation. Species richness was accurately predicted by random forest (Spearman correlation up to 0.85 and explained variance up to 67%). The results suggest that precipitation and temperature are important driving forces of species richness in the region. Nonetheless, a spatial component should be considered to properly predict biodiversity. This could reflect macroevolutionary underlying forces not considered here, such as colonization time, dispersal capacities, or speciation rates. However, the proposed biodiversity modelling approach can predict accurately species richness at the local scale and detailed resolution (90 m) in tropical areas, something that previous works had found extremely challenging. The innovative methodology presented here could be employed in other areas with conservation needsWe thank the Consejería de Educacion (Comunidad de Madrid, Spain), National Geographic Society (8047-06, 7754-04), National Science Foundation (DEB#0101775, DEB#0743457, DEB#1557094), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2016-75414-P), Centro de Estudios de América Latina (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid – Banco Santander), Consejería de Educacion, Cultura y Deportes (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, SBPLY/21/180501/000241), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2019-106341GB-I00) for funding our research. The full dataset can be requested from the Madidi Project (https://madidiproject.weebly.com/

Boletín NUESTRA AMÉRICA XXI - Desafíos y alternativas, num.51, Enero 2021

Una excelente iniciativa del Grupo de Trabajo Crisis y economía mundial, coordinado por María Josefina Morales, Julio Gambina y Gabriela Roffinelli

Assessing the effects of complexity in cross-temporal transferability of species distribution modelling predictions using palaeobotanical data

Valoración de la transferencia temporal de los modelos de distribución de especies para su aplicación en nuestros días utilizando datos paleobotánicos Corilus avellana y Alnus glutinosa

Manual del Profesor como Complemento a la Asignatura Laboratorio Integrado de la Titulación Grado en Ingeniería de Materiales

El fin principal de este proyecto es la creación de un Manual del Profesor con inclusión de cuestionarios, gráficos, muestras-tipo, etc. La generación de estos recursos didácticos adicionales permitirá al profesorado del Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, anteriormente denominado Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica, una mejor preparación de las prácticas de la asignatura Laboratorio Integrado de tercer curso del grado Ingeniería de Materiales impartido en la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas. Actualmente esta asignatura cuenta con un total de 24 prácticas, clasificadas en cuatro bloques, a saber: tratamientos térmicos de aceros, metalografía, corrosión y procesado. En este proyecto se abordarán las prácticas relativas a Anodizado, Niquelado y Cobreado correspondientes al bloque de Procesado de Materiales