La selección clonal del limonero en España

La superficie dedicada al cultivo del limonero (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) en España ha experimentado una gran expansión en los últimos veinte años, pasando de 10.000 ha en 1960 a 38.661 ha en 1980. En lo que concierne a las variedades cultivadas en España, la producción se basa en los cultivares autóctonos, siendo muy escasa hasta la fecha la importancia de las variedades extranjeras. Los limoneros "Verna" y "Fino" representan el 95% del total de producción (fig. 1). Otras variedades autóctonas como "Real", "Comunes", "Cuatro Estaciones" etc. están en franca regresión

Economic evaluation of mechanical harvesting of lemons

[EN] Several hypotheses regarding hand and mechanical harvesting have been analysed, in order to estimate the economic possibilities for the mechanical harvesting of lemons taking into account the current availability of technology. We considered several detachment options under experimental conditions; only yellow detachment has been considered for mechanical harvesting, because the sensitivity to the impacts is lower and mechanical detachment was high (80%). Price changes throughout the season were also considered. Total harvest cost is an average of the cost of mechanical harvesting (80%) and the cost of manually harvesting remaining fruit (20%), plus the cost of handling the mechanical harvested fraction. This cost ranges between 0.031 and 0.058 € kg-1 for outputs between 20 and 60 t ha-1, respectively, which is always lower than harvesting by hand (0.065 € kg-1). A Monte Carlo approach was used to study the sensitivity of the results, and Value at Risk (VaR) calculated. The analysis showed that the mechanical harvesting margin is c0.020 € kg-1 higher than the hand harvesting margin, and the output dispersion is higher in March. The VaR analysis showed that at 10% there was no risk that the hand margin is higher than the mechanical margin; at 5% the risk is very low and only for March harvesting. Mechanical harvesting represents a good economic option compared to hand harvesting, since it can increase farmer income by between 400 and 1200 € ha-1.This work was funded by Consejería de Agricultura y Agua de la Región de Murcia and by INIA and FEDER funds (project no. RTA2014-00025-C05-02).Brotons-Martínez, JM.; Martín-Górriz, B.; Torregrosa, A.; Porras, I. (2018). Economic evaluation of mechanical harvesting of lemons. Outlook on Agriculture. 47(1):44-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727018762657S4450471Bordas, M., Torrents, J., Arenas, F. J., & Hervalejo, A. (2012). HIGH DENSITY PLANTATION SYSTEM OF THE SPANISH CITRUS INDUSTRY. Acta Horticulturae, (965), 123-130. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2012.965.15Burns, J. K., Roka, F. M., Li, K.-T., Pozo, L., & Buker, R. S. (2006). Late-season `Valencia’ Orange Mechanical Harvesting with an Abscission Agent and Low-frequency Harvesting. HortScience, 41(3), 660-663. doi:10.21273/hortsci.41.3.660Grafiadellis, I., Mattas, K., Maloupa, E., Tzouramani, I., & Galanopoulos, K. (2000). An Economic Analysis of Soilless Culture in Gerbera Production. HortScience, 35(2), 300-303. doi:10.21273/hortsci.35.2.300Manera, F. J., Brotons, J. M., Conesa, A., & Porras, I. (2012). Influence of temperature on the beginning of degreening in lemon peel. Scientia Horticulturae, 145, 34-38. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.021Moreno, R., Torregrosa, A., Moltó, E., & Chueca, P. (2015). Effect of harvesting with a trunk shaker and an abscission chemical on fruit detachment and defoliation of citrus grown under Mediterranean conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(1), e0206. doi:10.5424/sjar/2015131-6590Roka, F. M., & Hyman, B. R. (2012). MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF SWEET ORANGES FOR JUICE PROCESSING. Acta Horticulturae, (965), 241-243. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2012.965.32Sanders, K. F. (2005). Orange Harvesting Systems Review. Biosystems Engineering, 90(2), 115-125. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.10.006A. Torregrosa, I. Porras, & B. Martín. (2010). Mechanical Harvesting of Lemons (cv. Fino) in Spain Using Abscission Agents. Transactions of the ASABE, 53(3), 703-708. doi:10.13031/2013.30062Wagner, H. M. (1995). Global Sensitivity Analysis. Operations Research, 43(6), 948-969. doi:10.1287/opre.43.6.948J. D. Whitney. (1999). FIELD TEST RESULTS WITH MECHANICAL HARVESTING EQUIPMENT IN FLORIDA ORANGES. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 15(3), 205-210. doi:10.13031/2013.576

Rainfall partitioning after thinning in two low-biomass semiarid forests: Impact of meteorological variables and forest structure on the effectiveness of water-oriented treatments

[EN] Water-oriented forest management is an urgent need in semiarid catchments. In the case of low-biomass forests and shrublands, the magnitude, efficiency and temporal duration of thinning effects on rainfall partitioning needs further attention. This work studies the effects of juvenile thinning and shrub clearing on stemflow (Stf), throughfall (Thr) and interception (It) in two low-biomass forests (CAL: post-fire Aleppo pine saplings with 74% of basal area, BA, removed; and HU: evergreen oak coppice with 41% of BA removed), as well as the relative contribution of the event meteorology. The effects are compared with a control plot during the first 3¿4¿years. Stf rate (%) decreased with density and, on a tree scale, it was enhanced by the treatment only in the bigger oaks. Event Thr increased from 55 to 81% and from 68 to 86% of gross rainfall (Pg) for CAL and HU respectively after thinning, resulting in about 15% less intercepted Pg. High evaporative conditions and an open (ventilated) forest structure led to high It rates in the controls when comparing with other studies, thus making the treatments more efficient in net precipitation (Pn) gain (Pg intercepted decreased 17% or 2.3% per unit of LAI or BA removed respectively). In general, depths (mm) were mostly explained (>75%) by the rainfall characteristics of the event (e.g. amount, duration, intensity), with a limited contribution from forest structure (e.g. cover, LAI) and event meteorology (e.g. temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure deficit). On the contrary, when expressed as rates (% of Pg), forest structure and event-meteorology gained importance (explaining 25¿65%), especially in the drier site (CAL). In this site, the low gain in Pn (~25¿mm per year on average) was offset with no temporal dampening during the span of this study, as observed in the wetter site (HU), where plant growth tended to mitigate the effect of the treatment by the end of the study. The results presented here make a contribution to a better understanding of the effects of water-oriented forest management in low-biomass semiarid forests.This study is a component of research projects: HYDROSIL (CGL2011-28776-C02-02), SILWAMED (CGL2014-58127-C3-2) and CEHYRFO-MED (CGL2017-86839-C3-2-R) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the FEDER fund of the EU. The authors are grateful to the Valencia Regional Government (CMAAUV, Generalitat Valenciana), Serra municipality, VAERSA and ACCIONA for their support in allowing the use of the experimental forest and for their assistance in carrying out the fieldwork.Campo García, ADD.; González Sanchís, MDC.; Lidón, A.; Ceacero Ruiz, CJ.; Garcia-Prats, A. (2018). Rainfall partitioning after thinning in two low-biomass semiarid forests: Impact of meteorological variables and forest structure on the effectiveness of water-oriented treatments. Journal of Hydrology. 565:74-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.08.013S748656

Influencia del tipo y dosis de hidrogel en las propiedades hidrofísicas de tres suelos forestales de distinta textura

[ES] Los hidrogeles o polímeros hidroabsorbentes son productos muy empleados en restauración forestal y paisajística que pueden tener un efecto variable según la naturaleza textural del suelo sobre el que se aplican. Sin embargo, su uso práctico se suele realizar independientemente de esta propiedad edáfica, lo que impide su optimización. Para estudiar la relación entre dosis de hidrogel y textura, se han escogido tres productos comerciales y se han ensayado a dos dosis (0,01% y 0,1%) en tres tipos de suelos forestales de la provincia de Valencia: franco-arcillo-arenoso (franco), franco-arcilloso (arcilloso) y areno-francoso (arenoso) (USDA). Se han obtenido las correspondientes curvas deliberación de agua para los puntos de presión de 0, 10, 30, 100 y 300 kPa. Los resultados indican el diferente comportamiento hidrofísico del suelo en función de los factores ensayados. Los suelos arenoso y franco, muestran una mayor liberación de agua de algunos tratamientos respecto al control para bajas presiones, mientras que en el suelo más arcilloso las diferencias son muy leves, siendo el efecto del hidrogel significativo para mayores tensiones. En general, existe proporcionalidad entre la dosis aplicada y el comportamiento del suelo con hidrogel, siendo aconsejable la dosis mayor, aun-que no se han medido los posibles efectos del aumento de volumen.Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a la financiación de la Conselleria de Empresa, Universidad y Ciencia de la Generalitat Valenciana a través del proyecto de I+D GV06/128: Influencia del diseño de tubos protectores en la magnitud del aporte hídrico por condensación e interceptación en repoblaciones forestales en la provincia de Valencia. La Universidad Politécnica de Valencia ha contribuido a través del Programa de Apoyo a la Investigación y Desarrollo 2007.Campo García, ADD.; Aguilella, A.; Lidón, A.; Segura Orenga, G. (2008). Influencia del tipo y dosis de hidrogel en las propiedades hidrofísicas de tres suelos forestales de distinta textura. Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales. 25:137-143. https://doi.org/10.31167/csef.v0i25.9673S1371432

Incorporación de criterios eco-hidrológicos en la gestión forestal: adaptación a la escasez de agua de una masa marginal de encina

[ES] El Manejo Forestal Adaptativo (MFA) en entornos semiáridos tiene como objetivo adaptar el bosque a la escasez de agua mediante una regulación artificial de la estructura y la densidad del mismo. En el presente trabajo se aplica el MFA a una masa marginal de Quercus ilex con el fin de optimizar los recursos hídricos y tratando de evitar a su vez el posible impacto negativo derivado de una pérdida excesiva de suelo y nutrientes. La masa se encuentra en la Cuenca Mediterránea, dentro del Monte Público de La Hunde, Valencia (E de España), donde dos parcelas contiguas, control y tratamiento, de 1800 m2 cada una, fueron establecidas. La orientación (NO), pendiente (30 %) y densidad (861 árboles por ha) fueron las mismas en ambas parcelas. La parcela tratamiento fue aclarada en Mayo del 2012, reduciendo la densidad de 861 a 414 árboles por ha. La parcela control no fue aclarada. Los efectos del aclareo en los ciclos hidrológico y biogeoquímico fueron caracterizados en ambas parcelas y comparados entre sí. Los resultados indicaron un efecto temprano del aclareo que optimiza el ciclo hidrológico. Se encontró un incremento significativo de la transpiración, escorrentía cortical y humedad del suelo en la parcela tratada. Por el contrario, no se observaron efectos ni en la escorrentía superficial ni en la trascolación. De la misma forma, el MFA parece no afectar significativamente al ciclo biogeoquímico del bosque, ya que no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contenido de C, N y P en el agua de ambas parcelas. La removilización de nutrientes parece verse afectada por el resalveo. La parcela tratada muestra una menor eficiencia en el uso de los nutrientes, probablemente derivada de una mayor disponibilidad de agua. Con estos resultados, podemos afirmar que la aplicación de un adecuado MFA posibilita la optimización del ciclo hidrológico sin dañar significativamente el ciclo de los nutrientes. De la misma forma, además de la satisfacción de las necesidades hídricas y nutricionales del ecosistema, el MFA incrementa la disponibilidad de agua para el resto de la cuenca.González-Sanchis, MDC.; Campo García, ADD.; Lidón, A.; Lull, C.; Bautista, I.; García Prats, A.; Francés, F. (2015). Incorporación de criterios eco-hidrológicos en la gestión forestal: adaptación a la escasez de agua de una masa marginal de encina. Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales. 1(41):211-218. doi:10.31167/csef.v0i41.17389S21121814

Efectos de la gestión forestal en los flujos de nutrientes asociados al ciclo hidrológico en un bosque mediterráneo de Quercus Ilex

[ES] Las interacciones entre cubierta forestal y agua son complejas ya que afectan a diferentes variables tales como reparto de los flujos de agua, cosecha de agua y calidad de la misma. El crecimiento forestal en suelos de baja fertilidad requiere que los ciclos de nutrientes dentro del ecosistema sean eficientes, especialmente en bosques mediterráneos, en los que además de los problemas de escasez de agua, el nitrógeno y el fósforo son a menudo nutrientes limitantes. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto de la gestión hidrológico forestal sobre los flujos de nutrientes (C, N, P y K) asociados al ciclo hidrológico. Se seleccionó un bosque de encina situado en el monte público de La Hunde, Valencia (NE España). Se establecieron dos parcelas contiguas, control y tratamiento, de 1800 m2, respectivamente. En la parcela de tratamiento se reduce la densidad de 861 a 414 árboles por ha, siguiendo los requisitos del gestor forestal. Se han medido los flujos de transcolación, escorrentía cortical y se han instalado zanjas de drenaje para recoger la escorrentía superficial y subsuperficial. Durante más de un año hidrológico se han recogido muestras de agua en ambas parcelas, con una periodicidad aproximadamente quincenal, y se han medido los contenidos de C, N, P y K disueltos en el agua, tanto en forma orgánica como inorgánica, para analizar los efectos del tratamiento en el ciclo de nutrientes.Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación CGL2011-28776-C02-02 financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.Bautista, I.; Pabón Galán, CA.; Lull, C.; González-Sanchis, MDC.; Lidón, A.; Campo García, ADD. (2015). Efectos de la gestión forestal en los flujos de nutrientes asociados al ciclo hidrológico en un bosque mediterráneo de Quercus Ilex. Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales. (41):343-354. https://doi.org/10.31167/csef.v0i41.17400S3433544

Responses to environmental stress in plants adapted to Mediterranean gypsum habitats

[EN] Gypsum areas are stressful environments inhabited by gypsophytes, plants that are exclusive for such habitats, and by plants that grow on gypsum but also on other soil types, the so-called gypsovags. To investigate possible differences between gypsovags and gypsophytes with respect to basic stress response mechanisms, two common osmolytes, glycine betaine and total soluble sugars, as well as monovalent (Na+ and K+) and bivalent (Ca2+ and Mg2+) cations, were quantified, under field conditions, in two Iberian endemic gypsophytes (Gypsophila struthium subsp. hispanica and Ononis tridentata) and two common Mediterranean gypsovags (Rosmarinus officinalis and Helianthemum syriacum). Their spatial variation according to a topographic gradient and their temporal variation over a period of three successive seasons were correlated with climatic data and soil characteristics. This analysis confirmed that water stress is the main environmental stress factor in gypsum habitats, whereas the percentage of gypsum in the soil does not seem to play any relevant role in the activation of stress responses in plants. Glycine betaine may contribute to stress tolerance in the gypsophytes, but not in the gypsovags, according to the close correlation found between the level of this osmolyte and the gypsophily of the investigated taxa. Cation contents in the plants did not correlate with those present in the soil, but the gypsophytes have higher levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+ than the gypsovags, under all environmental conditions, which may represent an adaptation mechanism to their specific habitat,This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CGL2008-00438/BOS), with contribution from the European Regional Development Fund.Llinares Palacios, JV.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Donat-Torres, MP.; Lidón, A.; Lull Noguera, C.; Mayoral García-Berlanga, O.; Wankhade, SD.... (2015). Responses to environmental stress in plants adapted to Mediterranean gypsum habitats. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 7(1):37-44. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb.7.1.9537S37447

Effect of COMBinAtion therapy with remote ischemic conditioning and exenatide on the Myocardial Infarct size: a two-by-two factorial randomized trial (COMBAT-MI)

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) and the GLP-1 analog exenatide activate different cardioprotective pathways and may have additive effects on infarct size (IS). Here, we aimed to assess the efficacy of RIC as compared with sham procedure, and of exenatide, as compared with placebo, and the interaction between both, to reduce IS in humans. We designed a two-by-two factorial, randomized controlled, blinded, multicenter, clinical trial. Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) within 6 h of symptoms were randomized to RIC or sham procedure and exenatide or matching placebo. The primary outcome was IS measured by late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance performed 3–7 days after PPCI. The secondary outcomes were myocardial salvage index, transmurality index, left ventricular ejection fraction and relative microvascular obstruction volume. A total of 378 patients were randomly allocated, and after applying exclusion criteria, 222 patients were available for analysis. There were no significant interactions between the two randomization factors on the primary or secondary outcomes. IS was similar between groups for the RIC (24 ± 11.8% in the RIC group vs 23.7 ± 10.9% in the sham group, P = 0.827) and the exenatide hypotheses (25.1 ± 11.5% in the exenatide group vs 22.5 ± 10.9% in the placebo group, P = 0.092). There were no effects with either RIC or exenatide on the secondary outcomes. Unexpected adverse events or side effects of RIC and exenatide were not observed. In conclusion, neither RIC nor exenatide, or its combination, were able to reduce IS in STEMI patients when administered as an adjunct to PPCI

Spontaneous reperfusion enhances succinate concentration in peripheral blood from stemi patients but its levels does not correlate with myocardial infarct size or area at risk

Cardiovascular biology; Diagnostic markers; Prognostic markersBiología cardiovascular; Marcadores de diagnóstico; Marcadores pronósticosBiologia cardiovascular; Marcadors diagnòstics; Marcadors pronòsticsSuccinate is enhanced during initial reperfusion in blood from the coronary sinus in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and in pigs submitted to transient coronary occlusion. Succinate levels might have a prognostic value, as they may correlate with edema volume or myocardial infarct size. However, blood from the coronary sinus is not routinely obtained in the CathLab. As succinate might be also increased in peripheral blood, we aimed to investigate whether peripheral plasma concentrations of succinate and other metabolites obtained during coronary revascularization correlate with edema volume or infarct size in STEMI patients. Plasma samples were obtained from peripheral blood within the first 10 min of revascularization in 102 STEMI patients included in the COMBAT-MI trial (initial TIMI 1) and from 9 additional patients with restituted coronary blood flow (TIMI 2). Metabolite concentrations were analyzed by 1H-NMR. Succinate concentration averaged 0.069 ± 0.0073 mmol/L in patients with TIMI flow ≤ 1 and was significantly increased in those with TIMI 2 at admission (0.141 ± 0.058 mmol/L, p < 0.05). However, regression analysis did not detect any significant correlation between most metabolite concentrations and infarct size, extent of edema or other cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) variables. In conclusion, spontaneous reperfusion in TIMI 2 patients associates with enhanced succinate levels in peripheral blood, suggesting that succinate release increases overtime following reperfusion. However, early plasma levels of succinate and other metabolites obtained from peripheral blood does not correlate with the degree of irreversible injury or area at risk in STEMI patients, and cannot be considered as predictors of CMR variables. Trial registration: Registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02404376) on 31/03/2015. EudraCT number: 2015-001000-58.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grants PI17/01397 and CIBERCV) and the Spanish Society of Cardiology (Proyectos de la FEC para Investigación Básica en Cardiología 2018, Sociedad Española de Cardiología), and was cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER, a way to build Europe). Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas has a consolidated Miguel Servet contract

Litterfall, litter decomposition and associated nutrient fluxes in Pinus halepensis: influence of tree removal intensity in a Mediterranean forest

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10342-015-0893-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users[EN] Our knowledge about the influence of silvicultural treatments on nutrient cycling processes in Mediterranean forests is still limited. Four levels of tree removal were compared in an Aleppo pine forest in eastern Spain to determine the effects on litterfall, litter decomposition and the associated nutrient fluxes after 12 years. Removal treatments included clearfelling, two shelterwood intensities (60 and 75 % of basal area removed) and untreated controls. Twelve years later, the basal area removed still explained 60 % of litterfall mass variance and 60 % of C, 52 % of N, 45 % of P, 17 % of K, 47 % of Ca and 60 % of Mg return variances. Litter decomposed somewhat more slowly in clearfellings compared to controls (p = 0.049), accumulated more Ca and released less K compared to the other three treatments. This was explained by contamination with mineral particles due to the poorly developed O horizon in clearfellings. We conclude that the management practices reduced the nutrient return via litterfall, but the nutrient release through decomposition seems poorly sensitive to canopy disturbance. In order to accurately quantify the harvesting impacts on nutrient cycling in this Mediterranean forest system, it is necessary to measure the litterfall of the understory layer.This work has been supported by a fellowship from the Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Educacion, Formacion y Empleo awarded to L. Lado-Monserrat (BFPI/2008/041). Silvicultural treatments were carried out by the Mediterranean Centre for Environmental Studies (CEAM) through programme "I + D en relacion con la restauracion de la cubierta vegetal y otros aspectos de investigacion forestal". Dataloggers and probes were provided by the Generalitat Valenciana through Project "Efecto de diferentes sistemas de aclareo de masa forestal sobre la disponibilidad de agua, nutrientes y la regeneracion de la masa arborea y arbustiva en parcelas de pinar" (GV06/126). We acknowledge Joana Oliver, Ruth M. Tavera and Daniel Fortanet for their help in the laboratory and in the field. The authors wish to thank Francisco Galiana for his assistance, including help in fieldwork and providing information about the experimental design of the silvicultural treatments. Thanks also go to Rafael Herrera from the Centro de Ecologia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela and two anonymous reviewers for critically reviewing the manuscript.Lado Monserrat, L.; Lidón, A.; Bautista, I. (2015). Litterfall, litter decomposition and associated nutrient fluxes in Pinus halepensis: influence of tree removal intensity in a Mediterranean forest. European Journal of Forest Research. 134(5):833-844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0893-zS8338441345Almagro M, Martínez-Mena M (2012) Exploring short-term leaf-litter decomposition dynamics in a Mediterranean ecosystem: dependence on litter type and site conditions. Plant Soil 358:323–335Alvarez A, Gracia M, Vayreda J, Retana J (2012) Patterns of fuel types and crown fire potential in Pinus halepensis forests in the Western Mediterranean Basin. For Ecol Manage 270:282–290Austin AT, Vivanco L (2006) Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation. Nature 442:555–558Bates JD, Svejcar TS, Miller RF (2007) Litter decomposition in cut and uncut western juniper woodlands. J Arid Environ 70:222–236Binkley D (2008) Three key points in the design of forest experiments. For Ecol Manage 255:2022–2023Blair JM, Crossley DA Jr (1988) Litter decomposition, nitrogen dynamics and litter microarthropods in a southern Appalachian hardwood forest 8 years following clearcutting. J Appl Ecol 25:683–698Blanco JA, Zavala MA, Imbert JB, Castillo FJ (2005) Sustainability of forest management practices: evaluation through a simulation model of nutrient cycling. For Ecol Manage 213:209–228Blanco JA, Imbert JB, Castillo FJ (2006) Influence of site characteristics and thinning intensity on litterfall production in two Pinus sylvestris L. forests in the western Pyrenees. For Ecol Manage 237:342–352Blanco JA, Imbert JB, Castillo FJ (2008) Nutrient return via litterfall in two contrasting Pinus sylvestris forests in the Pyrenees under different thinning intensities. For Ecol Manage 256:1840–1852Blanco JA, Imbert JB, Castillo FJ (2011) Thinning affects Pinus sylvestris needle decomposition rates and chemistry differently depending on site conditions. 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(Original in Spanish)Guo LB, Sims REH (1999) Litter decomposition and nutrient release via litter decomposition in New Zealand eucalypt short rotation forests. Agric Ecosyst Environ 75:133–140GVA (1995) Mapa de Suelos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Chelva (666). Proyecto LUCDEME (Icona), Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación y Conselleria d’Agricultura i Mig Ambient. Generalitat Valenciana. Valencia, Spain. (Original in Spanish)Hennessey TC, Dougherty PM, Cregg BM, Wittwer RF (1992) Annual variation in needle fall of a loblolly pine stand in relation to climate and stand density. For Ecol Manage 51:329–338Inagaki Y, Kuramoto S, Torii A, Shinomiya Y, Fukata H (2008) Effects of thinning on leaf-fall and leaf-litter nitrogen concentration in hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) plantation stands in Japan. 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