Crypto-asset regulation in the current international and European framework

Artículo de revistaThe growth of crypto-assets in recent years, their potential use as a means of exchange or saving, and their possible risks to financial stability, arising, among other things, from their interconnections with the banking sector, have drawn the attention of national and international authorities. In terms of the regulation of these assets, of note at the European level is the European Union’s proposal for a regulation on markets in crypto-assets, which establishes a regulatory framework for all those crypto-assets that currently lie outside the scope of the European Union’s existing regulation on financial services. As regards their treatment in the banking sector, in December 2022 the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the global standard on the prudential treatment of banks’exposures to crypto-assets. In this article we review the main characteristics of these two regulatory developments, which are essential for the future of the crypto-asset ecosystem’s relationship with the traditional financial world

The two main olfactory receptor families in drosophila, ORs and IRs: A comparative approach

Most insect species rely on the detection of olfactory cues for critical behaviors for the survival of the species, e.g., finding food, suitable mates and appropriate egg-laying sites. Although insects show a diverse array of molecular receptors dedicated to the detection of sensory cues, two main types of molecular receptors have been described as responsible for olfactory reception in Drosophila, the odorant receptors (ORs) and the ionotropic receptors (IRs). Although both receptor families share the role of being the first chemosensors in the insect olfactory system, they show distinct evolutionary origins and several distinct structural and functional characteristics. While ORs are seven-transmembrane-domain receptor proteins, IRs are related to the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family. Both types of receptors are expressed on the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the main olfactory organ, the antenna, but they are housed in different types of sensilla, IRs in coeloconic sensilla and ORs in basiconic and trichoid sensilla. More importantly, from the functional point of view, they display different odorant specificity profiles. Research advances in the last decade have improved our understanding of the molecular basis, evolution and functional roles of these two families, but there are still controversies and unsolved key questions that remain to be answered. Here, we present an updated review on the advances of the genetic basis, evolution, structure, functional response and regulation of both types of chemosensory receptors. We use a comparative approach to highlight the similarities and differences among them. Moreover, we will discuss major open questions in the field of olfactory reception in insects. A comprehensive analysis of the structural and functional convergence and divergence of both types of receptors will help in elucidating the molecular basis of the function and regulation of chemoreception in insects

La regulación de los criptoactivos en el marco internacional y europeo en curso

Artículo de revistaEl crecimiento de los criptoactivos en los últimos años, su potencial uso como medio de cambio o de ahorro y sus posibles riesgos para la estabilidad financiera derivados, entre otros, de sus interconexiones con el sector bancario han exigido la atención de las autoridades nacionales e internacionales. En lo que se refiere a la regulación de estos activos, en el ámbito europeo destaca la propuesta de reglamento comunitario sobre los mercados de criptoactivos, que establece un marco normativo dirigido a todos aquellos criptoactivos que actualmente quedarían excluidos de la aplicación de la normativa sobre servicios financieros existente en la Unión Europea. Por su parte, respecto al tratamiento en el sector bancario, el Comité de Supervisión Bancaria de Basilea publicó, en diciembre de 2022, el estándar global para el tratamiento prudencial de las exposiciones bancarias a criptoactivos. En este artículo repasamos las principales características de estos dos avances regulatorios, claves para el futuro de la relación entre el ecosistema de criptoactivos y el mundo financiero tradicional

The 8Li + 2H reaction studied in inverse kinematics at 3.15 MeV/nucleon using the REX-ISOLDE post-accelerator

The reaction 8Li + 2H has been studied in inverse kinematics at the incident energy of 3.15 MeV/nucleon, using the REX-ISOLDE post-accelerator. The reaction channels corresponding to (d,p), (d,d), and (d,t) reactions populating ground states and low-lying excited states in 7 -9Li have been identified and the related angular distributions extracted and compared with coupled-channels, distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA), and coupled-reaction-channels calculations. For the inelastic and (d,t) channels we find that higher order effects are very important and hence one needs to go beyond the simple DWBA to extract reliable structure information from these processes.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación FPA2006-13807-C02-01 FPA2009-08848 FPA2009-07653 FPA2009-07387 FPA2010-17142Unión Europea RII3-EURONS 50606

Reaction of the Halo Nucleus 11Be on Heavy Targets at Energies Around the Coulomb Barrier

New data for the reaction 11Be on 197Au at Elab=31.9 MeV are presented. The angular distributions of the inelastically scattered 11Be and the 10Be fragments coming from the 11Be dissociation have been extracted and compared with semiclassical and coupled-channels calculations in an angular range θlab=13∘–46∘ for the detected Be fragment.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación FPA2009-07387, FPA2009-07653, FPA2009-08848, FPA2012-32443 and CPAN CSD2007-00042Nuclear Astrophysics Virtual Institute (VH-VI-417

Simultaneous analysis of the elastic scattering and breakup channel for the reaction 11 Li + 208 Pb at energies near the Coulomb barrier

We present a detailed analysis of the elastic scattering and breakup channel for the reaction of Li11 on Pb208 at incident laboratory energies of 24.3 and 29.8 MeV, measured at the radioactive ion beam facility of TRIUMF, in Vancouver, Canada. A large yield of Li9 fragments was detected by four charged particle telescopes in a wide angular range. The experimental angular and energy distributions of these Li9 fragments have been compared to coupled-reaction-channel and continuum-discretized coupled-channel calculations. The large production of Li9 fragments at small angles can be explained by considering a direct breakup mechanism, while at medium-large angles a competition between direct breakup and neutron transfer to the continuum of the Pb208 target was observed.Proyecto Nacional (España) PA2009-08848 PA2009-07387 PA2010-22131-C02-01 FPA2009-07653 FPA2012-32443Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (España) CSD2007-0004

Optimización en el diseño de lagunas de estabilización con programación no lineal

El estudio presenta un modelo matemático de optimización para el diseño de sistemas lagunares integrado por dos lagunas: facultativa y de maduración. El modelo tiene como función objetivo el costo y considera cuatro variables de decisión: tiempo de retención hidráulico y número de mamparas en la laguna facultativa; en la laguna de maduración, también número de mamparas y tiempo de retención. Se consideran como restricciones los coliformes fecales y la materia orgánica. Dicho modelo resultó ser no lineal, ya que las relaciones entre las variables no son proporcionales. Se diseñó un sistema lagunar utilizando la metodología tradicional adoptada por la Comisión Nacional del Agua para México, luego se aplicó el modelo matemático. Se lleva a cabo una comparación de los resultados, los cuales indican una reducción del tiempo de retención de 14.16% y una disminución del costo de 12.04%. El resultado anterior es importante, ya que la principal desventaja de estos sistemas es el requerimiento de terreno. Se incluye, además, el análisis de sensibilidad de la función objetivo y las restricciones consideradas. El citado análisis es sensible a la variación de los parámetros. Ambos estudios cumplen perfectamente con las condiciones de calidad del agua tratada que indica la normatividad para el vertido a los cuerpos receptores. Se recomienda llevar a cabo otros estudios de optimización, considerando diferentes configuraciones

11Li structural information from inclusive break-up measurements

IWM-EC 2014 – International Workshop on Multi facets of EoS and ClusteringStructure information of 11Li halo nucleus has been obtained from the inclusive break-up measurements of the 11Li+208Pb reactions at energies around the Coulomb barrier (Elab = 24.3 and 29.8 MeV). The effective break-up energy and the slope of B(E1) distribution close to the threshold have been extracted from the experimental dat

Scattering of the Halo Nucleus 11Be on 197Au at Energies around the Coulomb Barrier

Angular distributions of the elastic, inelastic, and breakup cross sections of the halo nucleus 11Be on197 Au were measured at energies below (Elab =31.9 MeV) and around (39.6 MeV) the Coulomb barrier. These three channels were unambiguously separated for the first time for reactions of 11Be on a high-Z target at low energies. The experiment was performed at TRIUMF (Vancouver, Canada). The differential cross sections were compared with three different calculations: semiclassical, inert-core continuum-coupled-channels and continuum-coupled-channels ones with including core deformation. These results show conclusively that the elastic and inelastic differential cross sections can only be accounted for if core-excited admixtures are taken into account. The cross sections for these channels strongly depend on the β (E1) distribution in 11Be, and the reaction mechanism is sensitive to the entanglement of core and halo degrees of freedom in 11Be.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad FPA2015-64969-P, FIS2014-53448-C2-1-P, FPA2013-47327-c02-01-R, FPA2012-32443, FIS2013-41994-PCentro Nacional de Física de Partículas, Astropartículas y Nuclear CSD2007- 00042European Collaborative Research EUI-2009-04162European Unions 654002Nuclear Astrophysics Virtual Institute VH-VI-417European Commission, Seventh Framework Program 60037

Hints of quasi-molecular states in 13B via the study of 9Li-4He elastic scattering

8 pags., 8 figs., 1 tab.This paper reports on elastic scattering excitation functions for the reaction Li+He measured at backward angles in the centre of mass energy range 5 MeV ≤ E≤c.m.9.5 MeV, with the aim of investigating the possible existence of molecular resonances which have been predicted to exist in the case of neutron-rich B-isotopes. Due to the short lifetime of Li, the experiment necessitated the use of inverse kinematics on a gaseous He target. The Thick Target Inverse Kinematics technique was used which allowed for the measurement of the full excitation function in a single Li run. Broad resonances were observed in the excitation region for B 15 MeV ≤ E≤20 MeV. To understand the nature of such broad structures, various theoretical attempts are reported concerning possible reaction mechanisms for this neutron rich reaction. The most promising approach to interpret the data is within the orbiting reaction scenario.This work was supported by INFN and partially supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain, through the projects PGC2018-096994-B-C21, PID2019-104390GB-I00, PID2020-114687GB-I00 and by the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía (Spain) through the project P20_0124