El entorno, una herramienta did?ctica para desarrollar el pensamiento y la competencia cient?fica en los ni?os y ni?as de 5 a 7 a?os

214 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl presente trabajo investigativo se llev? a cabo en una instituci?n educativa del municipio de Pereira, en donde se observaron e intervinieron ni?os y ni?as de 5 a 7 a?os desde el desarrollo del pensamiento cient?fico, partiendo de una caracterizaci?n de los estudiantes, evidenciando que los estudiantes no se planteaban, ni les planteaban propuestas para que ellos construyeran sus propios conceptos partiendo de la experiencia; falencia que se ten?a en los procesos de construcci?n de pensamiento por parte de los ni?os, que buscan el conocimiento de su entorno a trav?s del m?todo experimental. La meta del proyecto es favorecer a los educandos en su proceso de formaci?n, partiendo de los conocimientos previos e involucrarlos en la construcci?n del pensamiento cient?fico, en donde se pretende potencializar las habilidades y competencias que les brinde la capacidad de saber, saber hacer y poder hacer en su entorno y este se d? a trav?s de la investigaci?n acci?n-participaci?n, por medio del cual se dio origen a un Proyecto Pedag?gico de Aula, cuyo eje articulador de todo el proceso de formaci?n cient?fica fue el mariposario escolar, generando un espacio de aprendizaje significativo en el que los ni?os est?n en la posibilidad de hacer ciencia mediante la manipulaci?n, experimentaci?n, hip?tesis y conclusiones que obtiene de ser actor protagonista de su propio proceso. Uno de los prop?sitos del trabajo es organizar un ambiente de aprendizaje que fuera significativo para los educandos basado en la observaci?n, formulaci?n de hip?tesis, experimentaci?n y la conclusi?n, es decir el pensamiento cient?fico permitiendo a su vez buscar la manipulaci?n de elementos del entorno, vivencias y aplicaci?n de saberes previos, para poder as? generar una comunicaci?n asertiva donde las conclusiones se dieran a partir de los procesos desarrollados. Palabras Clave: entorno, pensamiento cient?fico, m?todo cient?fico, creatividad, experimentaci?n, conocimiento com?n, conocimiento cient?fico.Pedagogical project in a classroom took place in an institution educational of the municipality of Pereira, where is observed e intervened children and girls from 5 to 7 years from the development about scientific thought, starting of a characterization of them students where is showed the flaw that is had in them processes of construction of thought from the children in the knowledge about their environment through the medium experimental i.e. not raised proposals so that they build their own concepts based on their experience. The project?s goal is to assist learners in their learning process on the basis of previous knowledge and engage them in the construction of scientific thinking where is intended to enhance the skills and competencies that to deliver the ability to know, do, and can do in their environment and this is given through the action - participation research whereby gave rise to the school butterfly as the articulator axis of the entire training process scientific, generating a space of learning significant in which them children are in the possibility of make science through the manipulation, experimentation, hypothesis and conclusions that obtains of be actor protagonist of its own process. Also it had got organize an environment significant of learning, based us in observation, formulation, hypothesis, experimentation and finally the conclusion, to its time it manipulation of elements of this environment, experiences and knowledge previous, reaching thus to generate a communication assertive where each an of them parts presents their questions and their conclusions starting from them processes developed. KeyWords: environment, scientific, thinking, scientific method, creativity, experimentation, common knowledge, scientific knowledge

Systemic Effects Induced by Hyperoxia in a Preclinical Model of Intra-abdominal Sepsis

Supplemental oxygen is a supportive treatment in patients with sepsis to balance tissue oxygen delivery and demand in the tissues. However, hyperoxia may induce some pathological effects. We sought to assess organ damage associated with hyperoxia and its correlation with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a preclinical model of intra-abdominal sepsis. For this purpose, sepsis was induced in male, Sprague-Dawley rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We randomly assigned experimental animals to three groups: control (healthy animals), septic (CLP), and sham-septic (surgical intervention without CLP). At 18 h after CLP, septic (n = 39), sham-septic (n = 16), and healthy (n = 24) animals were placed within a sealed Plexiglas cage and randomly distributed into four groups for continuous treatment with 21%, 40%, 60%, or 100% oxygen for 24 h. At the end of the experimental period, we evaluated serum levels of cytokines, organ damage biomarkers, histological examination of brain and lung tissue, and ROS production in each surviving animal. We found that high oxygen concentrations increased IL-6 and biomarkers of organ damage levels in septic animals, although no relevant histopathological lung or brain damage was observed. Healthy rats had an increase in IL-6 and aspartate aminotransferase at high oxygen concentration. IL-6 levels, but not ROS levels, are correlated with markers of organ damage. In our study, the use of high oxygen concentrations in a clinically relevant model of intra-abdominal sepsis was associated with enhanced inflammation and organ damage. These findings were unrelated to ROS release into circulation. Hyperoxia could exacerbate sepsis-induced inflammation, and it could be by itself detrimental. Our study highlights the need of developing safer thresholds for oxygen therapy

An?lisis de la libertad econ?mica en el contexto del comercio formal peruano

La b?squeda e implementaci?n de pol?ticas y programas que signifiquen alcanzar la prosperidad y mayores niveles de calidad de vida de los individuos, es constante; sin embargo, las medidas que se han planteado en el Per? a nivel estatal que permitan crear riqueza; como podr?a ser la promoci?n o impulso del emprendimiento formal, han sido, infructuosas a corto y a largo plazo. Una clara muestra se evidencia en la mantenci?n del alto ?ndice de informalidad de las empresas en nuestro pa?s; siendo que, de acuerdo a la C?mara de Comercio de Lima, aproximadamente el 75% de empresas dedicadas al sector comercio son informales. Frente a la evidente superioridad del n?mero de unidades productivas informales que operan al margen de la ley, sin los beneficios de la misma; como es la protecci?n jur?dica, acceso al financiamiento y participaci?n para prestar incluso, servicios al estado, se muestra que las pol?ticas, normas o instituciones jur?dicas vigentes, pueden no funcionar; resulta de suma urgencia cuestionar, si los motivos que han llevado hasta la actualidad a la daci?n de dichas normas, son adecuados o no

Oncogenic driver mutations predict outcome in a cohort of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients within a clinical trial

234 diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks from homogeneously treated patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) within a multicentre phase III clinical trial were characterised. The mutational spectrum was examined by next generation sequencing in the 26 most frequent oncogenic drivers in cancer and correlated with treatment response and survival. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was measured by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry in oropharyngeal tumours. Clinicopathological features and response to treatment were measured and compared with the sequencing results. The results indicated TP53 as the most mutated gene in locally advanced HNSCC. HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumours were less mutated than HPV-negative tumours in TP53 (p < 0.01). Mutational and HPV status influences patient survival, being mutated or HPV-negative tumours associated with poor overall survival (p < 0.05). No association was found between mutations and clinicopathological features. This study confirmed and expanded previously published genomic characterization data in HNSCC. Survival analysis showed that non-mutated HNSCC tumours associated with better prognosis and lack of mutations can be identified as an important biomarker in HNSCC. Frequent alterations in PI3K pathway in HPV-positive HNSCC could define a promising pathway for pharmacological intervention in this group of tumours

Increased urinary markers of kidney damage in the institutionalized frail elderly due to recurrent urinary tract infections.

Objective: To characterize the impact on kidney injury of recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) in the frail elderly. Methods: Prospective observational study in 200 frail elderly subjects for 1 year. Groups: GA (n = 100): subjects without RUTI, GB (n = 100): subjects with RUTI. Variables: age, concomitant diseases, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) at the beginning (NGAL-1) and end (NGAL-2) of the study, urine N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) at the beginning (NAG-1) and the end (NAG-2) of the study, urine transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFbeta-1). Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate analysis were used. Results: Mean age was 84.33 (65-99) years old, with no difference between GA and GB. Mean NGAL-1 was 1.29 ng/ml (0.04-8). There was lower in GA than in GB. Mean NGAL-2 was 1.41 ng/ml (0.02-9.22). NGAL-2 was lower in GA than in GB. Mean NAG-1 was 0.38 UU.II/ml (0.01-2.63. NAG-1 in GA was lower than in GB. Mean NAG-2 was 0.44 UU.II/ml (0-3.41). NAG-2 was lower in GA compared with GB. Mean TGFbeta-1 was 23.43 pg/ml (0.02-103.76). TGFbeta-1 was lower in GA than GB. There were no differences in the presence of secondary diagnoses between GA and GB. NAG-2 and NGAL-1 were the most determining factors of renal function; in GA it was NGAL-2, followed by NAG-1; in GB it was NGAL-1, followed by NAG-2. Conclusion: Frail elderly with RUTI have higher urinary levels of renal injury markers, specifically NGAL, NAG, and TGFbeta-1, chronically in periods between urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary markers of renal injury, specifically NGAL, NAG, and TGFbeta-1, identify early deterioration of renal function, compared with serum creatinine, or albuminuria, in frail elderly with recurrent urinary infections

Anti-tumour necrosis factor discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission: study protocol of a prospective, multicentre, randomized clinical trial

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who achieve remission with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs may have treatment withdrawn due to safety concerns and cost considerations, but there is a lack of prospective, controlled data investigating this strategy. The primary study aim is to compare the rates of clinical remission at 1?year in patients who discontinue anti-TNF treatment versus those who continue treatment. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis who have achieved clinical remission for ?6?months with an anti-TNF treatment and an immunosuppressant. Patients are being randomized 1:1 to discontinue anti-TNF therapy or continue therapy. Randomization stratifies patients by the type of inflammatory bowel disease and drug (infliximab versus adalimumab) at study inclusion. The primary endpoint of the study is sustained clinical remission at 1?year. Other endpoints include endoscopic and radiological activity, patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, work productivity), safety and predictive factors for relapse. The required sample size is 194 patients. In addition to the main analysis (discontinuation versus continuation), subanalyses will include stratification by type of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous treatment. Biological samples will be obtained to identify factors predictive of relapse after treatment withdrawal. Results: Enrolment began in 2016, and the study is expected to end in 2020. Conclusions: This study will contribute prospective, controlled data on outcomes and predictors of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after withdrawal of anti-TNF agents following achievement of clinical remission. Clinical trial reference number: EudraCT 2015-001410-1