Francis Favereau et Hervé Le Bihan (dir.), Littératures de Bretagne. Mélanges offerts à Yann-Ber Piriou

Il y a deux ans déjà, Yann-Ber Piriou prenait sa retraite. Ce livre lui est donc dédié. Même si ce Breton a passé une partie de son enfance en Nouvelle-Calédonie, il a toujours conservé des liens très forts avec son Trégor natal et la Bretagne plus généralement. En 1982, il soutient un doctorat d’État en celtique sur la « littérature bretonne perdue » sous la direction du professeur Léon Fleuriot. Il peut entamer ainsi une carrière universitaire rennaise qu’il prolongera jusqu’en 2002 en tant..

Writing, identity and history : monastic and episcopal textual production at Saint-Sauveur de Redon, Saint-Magloire de Léhon, Dol et Alet/Saint-Malo (middle of the ninth century - middle of the twelfth century)

Écriture, histoire et identité entretiennent des rapports étroits entre le milieu du IXe siècle et le milieu du XIIe siècle à Saint-Sauveur de Redon, Saint-Magloire de Léhon, Dol et Alet/Saint-Malo. À partir de l’exemple de ces deux abbayes et de ces deux sièges épiscopaux, il s’agit de déceler les enjeux entre la production de textes et les processus idéologiques et culturels du moment. Plus largement, cette étude s’enracine dans la réflexion sur la fonction du passé et sur ses usages, en particulier dans le cadre de la formation des identités des communautés monastiques et des sièges épiscopaux. À la lumière des acquis historiographiques récents sur les pratiques de l’écriture, on se propose d’étudier l’ensemble des productions textuelles, qu’elles soient hagiographiques, historiographiques ou diplomatiques. L’analyse de la mise en texte des moments fondateurs de l’histoire des communautés monastiques et des sièges épiscopaux dans un premier temps et leur mise en perspective dans un second temps montre que ce sont à des moments charnières, au cours desquels se redéfinissent les pouvoirs ecclésiastiques et laïques, en particulier dans la seconde moitié du IXe siècle et de la fin du XIe siècle jusqu’au milieu du XIIe siècle, que les unes et les autres se sont attachés à mettre par écrit la mémoire de leur passé en élaborant des stratégies discursives afin de légitimer ou délégitimer des situations contemporainesFrom the middle of the ninth century to the middle of the twelfth century, at Saint-Sauveur de Redon, Saint-Magloire de Léhon, Dol and Alet/Saint-Malo, there appears to be a close link between writing, history and identity. Basing our analysis on the exemples of those two abbeys and those two episcopal sees, we shall see how the writing of texts interact with the ideological and cultural framework of the time. On a broader level, this study is rooted in the historical revision on the fonction and uses of the past and how, in particular, it may come to shape the identities of the monastic communities and the episcopal sees. We shall focus on the whole textual production, be it hagiographic, historiographic or diplomatic, in the light of the recent developments in hagiographic studies as regards the practice of writing. The analysis of how the founding events in the history of the monastic communities and the episcopal sees were recorded into words and then put into perspective has revealed that it was at the key moments when the ecclesiastical and secular powers were redefined – especially in the second half of the ninth century and from the end of the eleventh century to the middle of the twelfth century – that they all took to writing down the memory of their past, elaborating discursive strategies that would legitimize or delegitimize contemporary event

"I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul." A functional analysis of fate in Fornaldarsögur

It has been long accepted that the Old Icelandic literature is full of a strong feeling of fatalism. Fate is commonly regarded as something predetermined that the characters have no other choice than to embrace. However, this vision leaves little space to the free will of actions that makes a great hero. This thesis aims to challenge this vision of fate by offering a different one in which the destiny is more closely related to the actions of the characters. This thesis aims to demonstrate that fate in the Fornaldarsögur may as well be a literary device used by the authors to express Christian ideas and moral values in a pagan time. Another aim of this thesis is therefore to challenge the idea of fate in the sagas as only representative of a Pre-Christian belief. Fate has mainly been studied in relationship to this religious aspect, especially in the Fornaldarsögur. Here fate will be considered through a functional approach, in order to question the meanings and purposes given to fate in the narratives. The analysis proposed in this thesis includes three sagas, Völsunga saga, Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks and Örvar-Odds saga. These sagas present various relationships of the characters to their fate. Some main results are that fate is related to the concept of law and justice, which contrasts with the common idea of a blind fate deciding everything beforehand regardless of the hero’s characteristics and actions. Fate can be seen as a judgement or punition. The reaction to fate and the many forewarnings invites us to rethink the idea of free will in those sagas, in contrast to a binding fate. It is proposed to see fate as a frame to the narrative, guiding the hero—even possibly asking him—to take himself decisions concerning his actions in order to assume or avoid this fate. In addition, fate is used to give an image of ideal and counter examples of how to behave. Even in a legendary context, fate has a didactic aspect, which refers more to the 13th century mentalities than to pagan time, for the influence of Christianity is present, implicitly or explicitly. More than an abstract concept, fate is a narrative tool used by the authors to give moral instructions about consequences of actions and behavior.Örlagatrú hefur lengi þótt einkenna íslenskar fornbókmenntir. Örlög eru ákvörðuð fyrir fram og sögupersónur eiga engra annara kosta völ en að taka þeim. Þetta viðhorf gefur lítið rými fyrir frjálsan vilja persónunnar sem getur gert hana að mikilli hetju. Í þessari ritgerð verður leitast við að draga upp mynd af örlögum sem tengist fremur gjörðum persónanna. Sjónum verður beint að fornaldarsögum Norðurlanda og sýnt að í þeim eru örlögin smíðatól sögumannsins sem gerir honum kleift að koma á framfæri kristilegum hugmyndum og gildum þótt sögutíminn sé heiðinn. Annað markmið ritgerðarinnar er því að draga færa rök gegn því að örlagatrú í sögunum tengist leifum að heiðinni hugsun. Hingað til hafa örlög eins og hugtakið birtist í fornaldarsögum aðeins verið rannsökuð frá trúarsögulegu sjónarmiði. Hér verður litið á hlutverk örlaga í frásögninni til að spyrja spurninga um merkingu þeirra og tilgang. Greindar verða þrjár fornaldarsögur, Völsunga saga, Hervarar saga og Heiðreks og Örvar-Odds saga, en í sögunum þremur er samband persónanna við örlög sín nokkuð ólíkt. Meðal þess sem kemur í ljós er að örlög tengjast hugmyndum um lög og réttlæti, en það gengur gegn hugmyndinni um að örlögin séu blind og óháð gjörðum og eiginleikum hetjunnar. Örlög geta því verið eins konar dómur eða refsing. Það hvernig brugðist er við örlögum og vísbendingum um þau gefa tilefni til að hugsa á nýjan hátt um frjálsan vilja í þessum sögum, sem andstæðu bindandi örlaga. Örlögin gegna því hlutverki í sögunum að búa til ramma utan um frásögnina, sem leiðir hetjuna áfram og jafnvel stýrir gjörðum hans, til að forðast þessi örlög eða til að taka þeim. Þessu til viðbótar gegna örlög því hlutverki að draga upp mynd af því hvernig rétt sé að hegða sér, eða rangt. Jafnvel þótt hetjurnar séu úr fjarlægri fornöld, þá hafa örlög þeirra uppfræðslugildi sem skírskotar meira til 13. aldarinnar, enda eru kristileg áhrif víða sýnileg í sögunum. Því eru örlög ekki aðeins óhlutbundið hugtak í þeim, heldur tæki sem sögumaðurinn notar til að koma á framfæri siðferðilegum hugmyndum um afleiðingar gjörða og hegðunar

Filtre microonde sélectif utilisant un résonateur à un seul organe de couplage. Application à la réalisation d'auto-oscillateurs pour réfractométrie et spectrométrie hertzienne

Nous décrivons un montage original permettant de donner à un résonateur microonde à un seul organe de couplage un comportement analogue à celui d'un filtre sélectif fonctionnant en transmission. Ce montage, placé entre l'entrée et la sortie d'un tube à onde progressive, permet de réaliser un auto-oscillateur de fréquence asservie à celle de la cavité. Ce montage peut être utilisé en réfractométrie et en spectrométrie Ultra-Hertzienne

Etude de la prescription du dosage de la troponine aux urgences (étude prospective dans un hôpital général)

POITIERS-BU Médecine pharmacie (861942103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les fonctions essentielles à la croissance dans le lait de Streptococcus thermophilus

STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS EST UNE BACTERIE LACTIQUE LARGEMENT UTILISEE EN FABRICATION DE FROMAGES ET DE LAITS FERMENTES. AU COURS DES PROCEDES DE FABRICATION, SA CROISSANCE RAPIDE ET REGULIERE EST REQUISE POUR PERMETTRE L'ACIDIFICATION ET LE DEVELOPPEMENT DES PROPRIETES ORGANOLEPTIQUES DES PRODUITS LAITIERS. ELLE N'EST CEPENDANT PAS TOUJOURS OBTENUE ET LES INTERACTIONS BACTERIE-SUBSTRAT DE FERMENTATION RESTENT ENCORE MAL MAITRISEES. NOTRE OBJECTIF A DONC ETE D'IDENTIFIER LES FONCTIONS ESSENTIELLES A LA CROISSANCE OPTIMALE DE CETTE BACTERIE DANS LE LAIT. UNE MUTAGENESE AU HASARD DANS UNE SOUCHE DE S. THERMOPHILUS A CROISSANCE RAPIDE DANS LE LAIT NOUS A PERMIS D'OBTENIR 14 MUTANTS QUI ONT ETE CARACTERISES. NOUS AVONS IDENTIFIE LES FONCTIONS TOUCHEES DANS 9 D'ENTRE EUX. NOUS AVONS MONTRE QUE LES VOIES DE BIOSYNTHESE DES BASES PURIQUES ET DES ACIDES AMINES A CHAINE BRANCHEE SONT FONCTIONNELLES ET INDISPENSABLES A LA CROISSANCE DANS LE LAIT DE CETTE BACTERIE. CE RESULTAT SUGGERE QUE LE LAIT NE CONTIENT PAS SUFFISAMMENT DE BASES ET D'ACIDES AMINES A CHAINE RAMIFIEE POUR PERMETTRE LA CROISSANCE DE S. THERMOPHILUS. LE SYSTEME DE TRANSPORT DES OLIGOPEPTIDES JOUE EGALEMENT UN ROLE ESSENTIEL DANS LA NUTRITION AZOTEE DE S. THERMOPHILUS ET DONC DANS SA CROISSANCE OPTIMALE. CE SYSTEME RESSEMBLE, PAR SON ORGANISATION GENETIQUE, A CEUX D'AUTRES STREPTOCOQUES ET PAR SA SPECIFICITE A CELUI DE LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS. C'EST UN ABC TRANSPORTEUR COMPRENANT 3 PROTEINES AFFINES POUR LES OLIGOPEPTIDES FONCTIONNANT AVEC LE MEME SYSTEME PERMEASE. CES 3 PROTEINES SONT FORTEMENT HOMOLOGUES ET ONT DES SPECIFICITES CHEVAUCHANTES. LE SYSTEME PARAIT TRES PERFORMANT PUISQU'IL EST CAPABLE DE TRANSPORTER DES PEPTIDES DE 3 A 23 ACIDES AMINES. CE TRAVAIL A PERMIS DE MIEUX COMPRENDRE ET DONC DE MIEUX MAITRISER LES INTERACTIONS QUI EXISTENT ENTRE S. THERMOPHILUS ET SON SUBSTRAT DE FERMENTATION. MOTS CLES : STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS, LAIT, CROISSANCE, TRANSPORT DES OLIGOPEPTIDES, MUTAGENESES, BIOSYNTHESE, ACIDES AMINES A CHAINE RAMIFIEE, PURINE.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF