54 research outputs found
EVALUATION DE SYSTEMES DE PRODUCTION INNOVANTS INSCRITS EN AGRICULTURE DURABLE : LE CAS DES SYSTEMES BOVINS HERBAGERS DU HAUT-BOCAGE POITEVIN
N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceSince 1990, farmers of Poitou's Haut-Bocage (center West of France) have set up cattle grassland systems based upon AndrĂ© Pochonâs Britain example and largely based on grazing of temporary grass-clover pastures. Adapted by farmers' groups to the specific pedoclimatic conditions of this region, these innovative systems create high value added by important cost savings, in complete contrast to the main agricultural development in the region, aiming at increasing work productivity thanks to the growth of production per hectare and per worker. The effects of grassland systems implementation in this region are appraised by using the concept of production system and the methods of project's assessment (comparison of a grassland scenario and a counterfactual scenario), from standpoint of both farmers and the whole national economy. The results of the differential between this two scenarios point out that farmers benefit from higher incomes and less working load and that, between 1990 and 2009, this implementation allowed net national income increase, 50% more farmers' job creation and a better labour remuneration in all the sectors. These less subsidized cattle grassland systems, characterized by a higher social and environmental viability, also allowed to cut down public expenditures
Les systĂšmes herbagers Ă©conomes. Une alternative de dĂ©veloppement agricole pour lâĂ©levage bovin laitier dans le Bocage vendĂ©en ?
Lâaccroissement de la productivitĂ© du travail dans les systĂšmes bovins laitiers du Bocage vendĂ©en a Ă©tĂ© basĂ© depuis les annĂ©es 1950 sur la rĂ©duction du pĂąturage, aujourdâhui souvent devenu mineur, au profit de lâutilisation de fourrages stockĂ©s, maĂŻs fourrage notamment. Depuis 1990, Ă rebours de cette Ă©volution gĂ©nĂ©rale, certains agriculteurs ont dĂ©veloppĂ© des systĂšmes de production dont le fonctionnement est centrĂ© sur le pĂąturage de prairies temporaires associant graminĂ©es et lĂ©gumineuses. Cet article sâintĂ©resse aux conditions dâĂ©mergence, au fonctionnement et aux perspectives des diffĂ©rents systĂšmes de production de la rĂ©gion et montre, grĂące Ă la comparaison de leurs rĂ©sultats Ă©conomiques, que ces systĂšmes herbagers relevant de lâagro-Ă©cologie sont intensifs en crĂ©ation de richesse et dĂ©gagent un revenu Ă©levĂ© par hectare et par actif, moins dĂ©pendant des subventions.Since the 1950âs, the growth of labour productivity in the dairy production systems in the center west of France has been based on the reduction of grazing, often of short duration in the forage systems, thanks to a greater recourse to forage store and particularly maize silage. Since 1990, contrary to this evolution, some farmers have set up dairy-cattle grassland production systems, largely based on grazed temporary grass-legumes pastures. This paper focuses on the development conditions of such systems, and on the functioning and economic results of the different production systems in the area. The comparison of the economic results shows that these grassland dairy production systems based on agro-ecology are intensive in value added creation and get high income per hectare and per worker, less dependent of subsidies
IntroductionEnjeux et cadre dâanalyse
Les Ă©tudes et publications sur les risques associĂ©s au changement climatique pour lâagriculture sont extrĂȘmement nombreuses. Une rapide revue de cette abondante littĂ©rature permet dâidentifier les alĂ©as et les risques naturels liĂ©s au changement climatique qui affectent le plus â en frĂ©quence et en intensitĂ©Â â les pratiques et les productions des agriculteurs dans le monde : la sĂ©cheresse, alĂ©a ponctuel, et lâaridification, pĂ©joration par ..
Conclusion générale
Ă partir de lâĂ©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e dâun petit nombre de situations trĂšs contrastĂ©es, nos travaux ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence les processus et les trajectoires expliquant la forte exposition aux alĂ©as de certains groupes dâagriculteurs, ainsi que le maintien ou lâaccroissement de cette exposition. Ces travaux permettent dâexpliquer, Ă lâĂ©chelle du systĂšme agraire et Ă celle des systĂšmes de production, les ressorts de cette vulnĂ©rabili..
Chapitre 1 - Sécheresse et ajustement structurel, une double adaptation : bassin arachidier sénégalais
Si le Sahel avait dĂ©jĂ connu des Ă©pisodes de sĂ©cheresse sĂ©vĂšre dans son histoire (1880, 1912-1914, 1940-1944 ; Jouve, 1991), celle qui a sĂ©vi Ă partir de la fin des annĂ©es 1960 constitue un phĂ©nomĂšne exceptionnel par sa persistance, son intensitĂ© et son dĂ©ploiement Ă lâĂ©chelle de lâensemble de lâAfrique au sud du Sahara. De 1968 Ă 1984, lâisohyĂšte 100 mm est ainsi descendu de 250 Ă 300 km au sud et lâisohyĂšte 500 mm de ..
Development assemblages and collective farmer-led irrigation in the Sahel: A case study from the lower Delta of the Senegal River"
In Sahelian countries, farmer-led irrigation development has contributed to the extension of irrigated
areas in formerly state-led schemes, especially from the 1990s onwards. It has usually consisted of individual
approaches, revealing the unequal capacities that farmers have had to develop irrigated agriculture. However, in
some cases, farmers have performed collective practices geared towards achieving a more concerted and
equitable management of resources. This article is centred on such collective enterprises. It is based on a case
study from the delta of the Senegal River. In this region, where state agencies, donors, and investors have set the
tone of irrigation development over the last decades, the concerted irrigation development led by the inhabitants
of a small village (ThilĂšne) can be considered to be a form of resistance. By drawing on the concepts of 'moral
economy' and 'assemblage', and using 'comparative agriculture' methods, we situate the emergence of this
collective action in order to understand who has governed it by what means or practices, and to know what have
been its outcomes. We see these collective actions as an alternative irrigation development pathway to that led
by the state and donors. The results highlight the contingent nature of these initiatives and the difficulties in
implementing adapted policies to trigger or boost their emergence
Chapitre 5 - Sécheresse, aménagements hydrauliques et modÚles de développement : delta du fleuve Sénégal
La rĂ©gion du delta du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal (figure 5.1) connaissait dĂ©jĂ , avant lâĂ©pisode de sĂ©cheresse des annĂ©es 1970-1980 qui a marquĂ© lâensemble du Sahel, de faibles totaux pluviomĂ©triques. Elle Ă©tait aussi particuliĂšrement sujette aux variations interannuelles de la pluviomĂ©trie et de la crue du fleuve, rendant lâagriculture pluviale hasardeuse (Lericollais, 1975). Lâadaptation ancienne et systĂ©mique des agriculteurs et Ă©leveurs Ă des..
An integrative multiâscale approach to regional agriculture to support the assessment and benefit of pestâregulation services delivered by biodiversity
Ecology is first of all a scientific discipline, with its body of theories and methods, and a constant renewal of its main specific fields and principles. In that regard, Ecology is not different from the other scientific disciplines and produces an increasing number of outstanding publications on both fundamental and applied grounds. Ecology can produce highly theoretical works, which is essential, but Ecology can be -and even moremust be an applied science. Currently, practical applications of Ecology for the benefits of our societies have become more numerous and increasingly urgent. âInteractionsâ, sensu lato, are at the very heart of Ecology which makes it by definition THE science of Biodiversity. Beyond the knowledge of how Life has appeared and developed, Ecology can provide the basis for the preservation of Biodiversity and ensure its management is relevant and efficient into the future. By being more integrative and global, Ecology could establish itself as the cornerstone of sustainable development. In this beginning of the 21st century, the influence of Ecology will inevitably grow and play a key role for Planet Earth and human well-being. SfĂ©cologie2016, an International Conference on ecological sciences would not have taken place without 2 years of hard work from the staff of my Institute (IMBE). That is thus with a real pleasure that we welcome you today in Marseille. (Thierry TATONI IMBE Director
SystĂšmes agraires et changement climatique au Sud
Ă partir de lâĂ©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e et de la comparaison dâune douzaine de situations locales contrastĂ©es en Afrique sub-saharienne et en Asie du Sud-Est, les auteurs mettent en Ă©vidence les processus et les trajectoires qui expliquent la forte exposition aux alĂ©as des diffĂ©rents groupes dâagriculteurs, ainsi que leur inĂ©gale capacitĂ© dâadaptation. Ils expliquent les ressorts de cette vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© et illustrent le poids des choix passĂ©s et actuels en matiĂšre de politiques agricole, environnementale et commerciale. Enfin, ils prĂ©sentent les modalitĂ©s dâajustement et les transformations passĂ©es et en cours des pratiques paysannes allant dans le sens dâune rĂ©duction de lâexposition Ă lâalĂ©a, dâune attĂ©nuation de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©, et dâune meilleure adaptation aux changements globaux : dĂ©rĂšglement climatique bien sĂ»r, mais aussi accroissement dĂ©mographique, compĂ©tition accrue pour lâaccĂšs aux ressources, Ă©volution des prix relatifs et fluctuations des marchĂ©s, dĂ©rĂ©gulation et baisse des soutiens publics, etc. Ils esquissent en conclusion les chemins possibles en matiĂšre dâadaptation et des propositions de mesures politiques pour accompagner les producteurs.Pour des raisons de diffĂ©rences de fabrication, les figures et photos en couleurs de la prĂ©sente version sont dissĂ©minĂ©es au sein des diffĂ©rents chapitres, mais sont rĂ©unies Ă la fin du chapitre 4 de la version PDF
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