Formation of place names in Tatar

The relevance of this research is closely bound with the general tendency of linguistics in the attempt to reveal the human factor in the language, as the most valuable results of the research are found in comparison of the languages. The goal of this article is to find out the productivity of the place-naming affixes -lyk/-lek (-ly/-le) in Tatar and their equivalent in English. The main approach of the research is interdisciplinary which requires the usage of such sciences as Geography, History, Linguistics, etc. The given article presents the results of historical and linguistic research that is intended to find out the structural peculiarities of Tatar and English place names. The materials can be useful for linguists and historians to study the History of nations and the History of languages.peer-reviewe

Compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene: The absence of recA-dependent mutagenesis?

The genotoxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT) and its amino derivative, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DA-6-NT), was studied using the Escherichia coli tester strain PQ37 in the SOS chromotest. The compound 2,4,6-TNT, without metabolic activation, virtually failed to induce an SOS effect in cells of the tester bacteria. Consequently, mutagenic activity of 2,4,6-TNT, which was shown earlier in the Ames test, does not depend on SOS mutagenesis. It was demonstrated that metabolic activation with the microsomal S9 human placenta fraction results in a threefold increase in the induction factor of the SOS effect caused by 2,4,6-TNT. The absence of the SOS-inducing activity of 2,4-DA-6-NT, regardless of the presence of a microsomal activating mixture, is shown. Thus, 2,4-DA-6-NT does not belong to metabolites of 2,4,6-TNT, responsible for the genotoxicity of this compound

Morphological and syntactical features of adjectives in English and Tatar participles

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the Tatar and English participles. The paper substantiates the position that the correlation and comparison of the languages allows to define common and specific features. The paper presents analysis of adjectival features of participles in the English and Tatar languages in morphological and syntactical aspects. The authors ascertain that despite typological distinctions of translation equivalents, certain similarities of their structural organization and component structure are revealed.Keywords and phrases: linguistics, language, speech, participles, English, Tatar, translation,verbals, contrastive linguistic

Provision of Biological Safety in the Territory of the Republic of Tatarstan during Preparation and Holding of FIFA World Cup-2018 in Kazan

Objective – assessment of effectiveness of the measures for biological safety provision at potentially hazardous facilities in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan in the process of preparation and holding of FIFA World Cup-2018 in Kazan. Materials and methods. Regulatory-legal acts covering the requirements to the provision of biological safety during the work with pathogenic biological agents, international guidelines and documents determining inter-agency collaboration between the Rospotrebnadzor Administration in the Republic of Tatarstan and other departments and inter-agency task forces (Office of the Federal Security Bureau of Russia in the Republic of Tatarstan, Counter-Terrorism Commission in the Republic of Tatarstan, etc) were studied. Results and discussion. Considered were managerial-methodological approaches and matters of inter-agency cooperation on biological safety provision during preparation and holding of FIFA World Cup-2018 in Kazan. Biological safety was examined through the prism of its provision while working with pathogenic biological agents at potentially hazardous biological facilities and  counterterrorism integrity of the objects. The guiding, directive document in the performance of the complex of measures on biological safety provision and inter-agency collaboration was the Order of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 09, 2017 No 202 “On peculiarities of application of reinforced security measures during holding of FIFA World Cup-2018 and FIFA Confederations Cup-2017 in Russia”. As the result of the measures conducted, biological safety, including counter-terrorism security of potentially hazardous biological objects and sanitary-epidemiological welfare, was fully provided

Soil- and biodiversity of the former peat mines in Shaturskaya Meshchera in the context of their anthropogenic transformation

The problem of pedo- and biodiversity of mire ecosystems under the long-term multiple anthropogenic impact was studied in one of the most intensively technogenically transformed areas of Shaturskaya Meshchera, adjacent to power station Shaturskaya in the north and stretching along the route Kerva – Dolgusha – Severnaya Griva. For more than a hundred years, mires in the Shatura area have been under the influence of drainage, peat extraction, fires, attempts to create agricultural land, secondary watering and pollution, resulting from the power station, transport, and settlements wastewaters. Currently, the bio- and soil diversity of secondary ecosystems has increased significantly compared to undisturbed mires. Instead of bog, in some cases there appeared secondary meadow, grass-shrub communities, small-leaved forests, and dry sparse areas. The remaining bogs experience stable eutrophication, which leads to the formation of mesotrophic and eutrophic phytocenoses and, accordingly, peat mesotrophic and oligotrophic secondary eutrophic soils. In addition, the proportion of eutrophic mires is slightly increased by the peat formation in shallow lakes, which at the initial stage of peat extraction were used for storing wood waste. The phenomenon of secondary oligotrophization of the disturbed bogs of Meshchera, noted in the literature, is not observed in the area under consideration due to a significant anthropogenic load. To preserve the local flora of oligotrophic bogs, marginal areas of flooded quarries and cofferdams with undeveloped peat deposits are of great importance. The increase in pedodiversity was facilitated by the agricultural development of drained peatlands for the cultivation of perennial grasses, which resulted in the formation of torfozems and agrotorfyano-gleyzems

Abstract P-21: The Investigation of S.aureus Ribosome-Binding Factor A Localization on the 30S Ribosomal Subunit by Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Background: Ribosome biogenesis is a complex process of ribosomal RNA and protein binding. Bacterial ribosome maturation and components involved in it are especially interesting, because they are widespread targets for antibiotics. A number of special protein factors facilitating the maturation of the 30S small ribosomal subunit are known. One of them is a ribosome-binding factor A (RbfA). This is a small (~14 kDa) protein with KH-domain organization distinguishing RNA binding proteins. Recent cryo-EM reconstruction of E.coli 30S-RbfA complex indicates that RbfA binds to 30S subunit on the central decoding region and promotes the switch from the immature state of h28 (neck) to mature state. RbfA interacts with 3`-end of 16S rRNA on mRNA exit channel and stabilizes the conformation of the region between h28, h44/h45 linker and 3`-end. Methods: Pure S.aureus RbfA was obtained by homologous expression in E.coli BL21 strain followed by Ni-NTA and gel filtration. The 30S subunits were obtained by dissociation of the S.aureus 70S ribosomes in a sucrose gradient (0-30%). We performed 30S subunit and RbfA complex reconstitution, sample and grid preparation. Data was collected on Talos Arctica, Falcon 2 detector (FEI Company/Thermo Fisher). Results: The 30S-RbfA complex density map with average resolution ~ 3.5 Å (FSC=0.143) was obtained. In comparison with the free subunit map (EMD 23052) we observed an extra density on the neck region near the decoding center region. Conclusion: Obtained data is correlated with recent structural results of the homologous E.coli RbfA. We consider that S.aureus RbfA binds to the 30S subunit at the same region. The next step of our structural research is building the model of S.aureus 30S-RbfA complex

Abstract P-43: Effect of Glucocerebrosidase Dysfunction on the Pool of Plasma Exosomes of Patients with Gaucher Disease

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released from different types of cells. EVs are found in many human biological fluids. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs that are released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. This type of vesicles is characterized by specific exosomal markers. Exosomes extracted from peripheral body liquids could have specific properties associated with different physiological conditions as well as human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Gaucher disease (GD) – is the most common form of lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. Lysosome functionality is critical for the regulation of extracellular vesicle secretion and content. In model animals, the inhibition of glucocerebrosidase has been shown to increase the secretion of extracellular vesicles in brain tissues. Amount evaluation of EVs and their size in the biological fluids of patients with GD has not been early performed; therefore, it is unknown whether lysosomal dysfunction found in GD patients influences the plasma pool of EVs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of blood plasma EVs in patients with GD and their characterization for morphology and size. Methods: EVs were isolated from the blood plasma of 8 GD patients and 8 controls by ultracentrifugation, and were characterized using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Also, the presence of exosomal markers CD9, CD63, CD81, and HSP70 was analyzed by flow cytometry and western blot. Results: Here, it was first shown an increased proportion of exosome fraction in EVs from plasma of GD patients compared to controls by DLS and cryo-EM (p<0.001) that was confirmed by mode size detected by NTA (p<0.02). Moreover, an increased number of double and multilayer vesicles in plasma EVs from GD patients was demonstrated by cryo-EM. We also detected an increase in the expression of exosomal markers on the surface of vesicles from the blood plasma of patients with GD compared to controls. Conclusion: Here, we firstly report that the exosomes obtained from the blood plasma of GD patients have a larger size and altered morphology. Thus, we have shown that lysosomal dysfunction in GD patients leads to a striking alteration of blood plasma extracellular vesicle pool

Highly potent bispecific sybodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented global health crisis. Here, we report the identification of a synthetic nanobody (sybody) pair (Sb#15 and Sb#68) that can bind simultaneously to the SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD and efficiently neutralize pseudotyped and live-viruses by interfering with ACE2 interaction. Two spatially-discrete epitopes identified by cryo-EM translated into the rational design of bispecific and tri-bispecific fusions constructs, exhibiting up to 100- and 1000-fold increase in neutralization potency. Cryo-EM of the sybody-spike complex further revealed a novel up-out RBD conformation. While resistant viruses emerged rapidly in the presence of single binders, no escape variants were observed in presence of the bispecific sybody. The multivalent bispecific constructs further increased the neutralization potency against globally-circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Our study illustrates the power of multivalency and biparatopic nanobody fusions for the development of clinically relevant therapeutic strategies that mitigate the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 escape mutants

Using stem cells to treat liver diseases

The aim of the study – to evaluate the study of mesenchymal stem cells.Цель исследования – изучение функций мезенхимальных стволовых клеток

Millisecond dynamics of an unlabeled amino acid transporter

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are important in many physiological processes and crucial for the removal of excitatory amino acids from the synaptic cleft. Here, we develop and apply high-speed atomic force microscopy line-scanning (HS-AFM-LS) combined with automated state assignment and transition analysis for the determination of transport dynamics of unlabeled membrane-reconstituted GltPh, a prokaryotic EAAT homologue, with millisecond temporal resolution. We find that GltPh transporters can operate much faster than previously reported, with state dwell-times in the 50 ms range, and report the kinetics of an intermediate transport state with height between the outward- and inward-facing states. Transport domains stochastically probe transmembrane motion, and reversible unsuccessful excursions to the intermediate state occur. The presented approach and analysis methodology are generally applicable to study transporter kinetics at system-relevant temporal resolution