Why people like or dislike large wood in rivers : a representative survey of the general public in Germany

For the restoration of medium and small rivers, the reintroduction of large wood (LW) is crucial. Despite the wide communication of the ecological key functions of LW, residents rejected its reintroduction in a restoration project at the river Mulde (Dessau-Roßlau, Germany). To determine whether this is a local or widespread phenomenon in Germany, we investigated (a) the German population's attitude toward LW, (b) preferred quantities of LW introduction, and (c) the effects of flood experiences and other sociodemographic characteristics on these preferences. We conducted a nationwide and representative online survey (n = 2,100), including rating-scale statements and a choice experiment (CE). Regarding the rating statements, we found that a majority of respondents (57–67%) is convinced of the advantages of LW reintroduction. However, 47–60% considered LW to be dangerous for canoeists or during floods. For the CE (n = 743), we defined an LW attribute and added information on possible effects. Conditional logit models showed a strong preference for the highest amount of LW, with an odds ratio 5.47 times higher than for the status quo without LW. We also found that personal flood experiences reduce the preferred LW quantities. In contrast, females, higher educational levels, the youngest and oldest age groups, and especially frequent river visitors preferred higher LW amounts. Since the commitment of young people to environmental issues is currently increasing, we believe that specific environmental education opportunities for this group located along the river can contribute significantly to increase acceptance. © 2020 The Authors. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Application of the ecosystem services concept in stakeholder communication—Results of a workshop including a planning game at the Lower Mulde River (Dessau-Roßlau, Germany)

The concept of ecosystem services (ES) is a powerful tool for communicating with stakeholders because it highlights the benefits of ecosystems for people and demonstrates their economic importance through monetized values. However, this hypothesis has rarely been substantiated in the context of local landscape planning. To investigate which ecosystem services information formats (ESIF) stakeholders prefer in decision situations, we experimented with a highly conflictual planning situation about the Lower Mulde restoration in Germany. We invited local stakeholders to a so-called ‘future vision workshop’. It included a paper-based, noncompetitive planning game, which combined the freedom of choice with strict rules for justifying the proposed measures. We tested how often participants used different ESIFs to justify their decisions, focusing on quantification, monetization, and the default qualitative (ordinal-scaled) format applied in landscape planning. A total of 17 representatives from stakeholder groups such as nature conservation, recreation, and local politics attended. We provided information on four ES and eight related measure proposals to the stakeholders, who used them to select, locate, and justify actions for the area's future development. The participants applied the ordinal-qualitative format in more than two-thirds of the decisions. Quantification and monetization were used with approximately equal frequency, mostly for measures that favoured flood risk regulation. Actions supporting habitat provision and biodiversity were justified exclusively in ordinal-qualitative terms. Instead of our provided quantifications, some participants mentioned numbers they were already familiar with before. They also partly doubted our monetization approaches. In conclusion, we recommend combined and context-specific uses of several ESIFs, while using the ordinal-qualitative format as the basis. Furthermore, the participants appreciated the workshop and requested that the results be presented to the city council. The workshop also confirmed that the ES concept is challenging to understand, especially for laypeople unfamiliar with ES and landscape planning

Unexpected Effect of Internal Degrees of Freedom on Transverse Phonons in Supercooled Liquids

We show experimentally that in a supercooled liquid composed of molecules with internal degrees of freedom the internal modes contribute to the frequency dependent shear viscosity and damping of transverse phonons, which results in an additional broadening of the transverse Brillouin lines. Earlier, only the effect of internal modes on the frequency dependent bulk viscosity and damping of longitudinal phonons was observed and explained theoretically in the limit of weak coupling of internal degrees of freedom to translational motion. A new theory is needed to describe this new effect. We also demonstrate, that the contributions of structural relaxation and internal processes to the width of the Brillouin lines can be separated by measurements under high pressure

Application of the Computed Tomography to Control Parts Made on Additive Manufacturing Process

AbstractThe article presents possibilities of application computed tomography to study elements made with additive methods. 3D printing is currently growing very rapidly and already allows to execute ready-to-use, structurally complex elements consisting of one or more parts. Similarly, computed tomography (CT), as the youngest measurement technique and methods to control the geometrical size of the parts, allows to control through any element and evaluate both the quality of each individual components and their assembly.This technique is especially valuable for the evaluation of additive methods. What is more, the evaluation of porosity on the individual sections of the parts might be conducted. It is also possible to obtain information about the location and thickness of each of the outer wall and inaccessible by any other techniques of non-destructive quality control of construction elements filling the various parts of the printed parts

2-(3-Meth­oxy­phen­oxy)benzoic acid

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C14H12O4, the mol­ecules form classical O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded carb­oxy­lic acid dimers. These dimers are linked by C—H⋯pi; inter­actions into a three-dimensional network. The benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 69.6 (3)°

The Effect of Tourniquet Use and Sterile CO2 Gas Bone Preparation on Cement Penetration in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction Tourniquetless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is experiencing resurgence in popularity due to potential pain control benefits. Further, optimal cement technique and implant fixation remain paramount to long-term cemented TKA success, as aseptic loosening continues to be a leading cause of revision. The purpose of this study was to determine how tourniquet use and/or novel bone preparation using sterile, compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) gas affected cement penetration in TKA. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 303 consecutive primary TKAs with the same implant in three groups: (1) a tourniquet without sterile CO2 compressed gas used for bone preparation, (2) no tourniquet with CO2 gas, and (3) tourniquet use and CO2 gas bone preparation. Cement penetration was measured on radiographs by two independent, blinded raters across seven zones defined by the Knee Society Radiographic Evaluation System. Results The three groups did not differ on age, BMI, or sex (p≥0.1). Cement penetration was greater in six of seven zones with significantly greater cement penetration in three zones (Tibial AP Zone 2, Femoral Lateral Zones 3A and 3P) in groups that utilized CO2 gas bone preparation compared to the tourniquet only group (p≤0.039). Conclusion Bone prepared with CO2 gas showed significantly more cement penetration in three zones with greater cancellous bone. The results suggest use of CO2 gas bone preparation may achieve greater cement penetration than using a tourniquet with lavage only