72,426 research outputs found
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Effects of natural soiling and weathering on cool roof energy savings for dormitory buildings in Chinese cities with hot summers
Roofs with high-reflectance (solar reflectance) coating, commonly known as cool roofs, can stay cool in the sun, thereby reducing building energy consumption and mitigating the urban heat island. However, chemical-physical degradation and biological growth can decrease their solar reflectance and the ability to save energy. In this study, the solar spectral reflectance of 12 different roofing products with an initial albedo of 0.56–0.90 was measured before exposure and once every three months over 32 months. Specimens were exposed on the roofs of dormitory buildings in Xiamen and Chengdu, each major urban areas with hot summers. The albedos of high and medium-lightness coatings stabilized in the ranges 0.45–0.62 and 0.36–0.59 in both cities, respectively. This study yielded albedo loss exceeded those reported in the latest Chinese standard by 0.08–0.15. Finally, DesignBuilder (EnergyPlus) simulations estimate that a new cool roof with albedo 0.78 on a six-story dormitory building will yield annual site energy savings (heating and cooling) for the top floor, which are 8.01 kWh/m2 (24.2%) and 9.12 kWh/m2 (26.3%) per unit floor area in Xiamen and Chengdu, respectively; while an aged cool roof with albedo 0.45 and 0.56 will yield the annual savings by 5.12 kWh/m2 (15.4%) and 2.47 kWh/m2 (10.5%) in these two cities
Consistent picture for the electronic structure around a vortex core in iron-based superconductors
Based on a two-orbital model and taking into account the presence of the
impurity, we studied theoretically the electronic structure in the vortex core
of the iron-Pnictide superconducting materials. The vortex is pinned when the
impurity is close to the vortex core. The bound states shows up for the
unpinned vortex and are wiped out by a impurity. Our results are in good
agreement with recent experiments and present a consistent explanation for the
different electronic structure of vortex core revealed by experiments on
different materials.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Multiscale Discriminant Saliency for Visual Attention
The bottom-up saliency, an early stage of humans' visual attention, can be
considered as a binary classification problem between center and surround
classes. Discriminant power of features for the classification is measured as
mutual information between features and two classes distribution. The estimated
discrepancy of two feature classes very much depends on considered scale
levels; then, multi-scale structure and discriminant power are integrated by
employing discrete wavelet features and Hidden markov tree (HMT). With wavelet
coefficients and Hidden Markov Tree parameters, quad-tree like label structures
are constructed and utilized in maximum a posterior probability (MAP) of hidden
class variables at corresponding dyadic sub-squares. Then, saliency value for
each dyadic square at each scale level is computed with discriminant power
principle and the MAP. Finally, across multiple scales is integrated the final
saliency map by an information maximization rule. Both standard quantitative
tools such as NSS, LCC, AUC and qualitative assessments are used for evaluating
the proposed multiscale discriminant saliency method (MDIS) against the
well-know information-based saliency method AIM on its Bruce Database wity
eye-tracking data. Simulation results are presented and analyzed to verify the
validity of MDIS as well as point out its disadvantages for further research
direction.Comment: 16 pages, ICCSA 2013 - BIOCA sessio
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Thermal performance and energy savings of white and sedum-tray garden roof: A case study in a Chongqing office building
This study presents the experimental measurement of the energy consumption of three top-floor air-conditioned rooms in a typical office building in Chongqing, which is a mountainous city in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone of China, to examine the energy performance of white and sedum-tray garden roofs. The energy consumption of the three rooms was measured from September 2014 to September 2015 by monitoring the energy performance (temperature distributions of the roofs, evaporation, heat fluxes, and energy consumption) and indoor air temperature. The rooms had the same construction and appliances, except that one roof top was black, one was white, and one had a sedum-tray garden roof. This study references the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) to calculate and compare the energy savings of the three kinds of roofs. The results indicate that the energy savings ratios of the rooms with the sedum-tray garden roof and with the white roof were 25.0% and 20.5%, respectively, as compared with the black-roofed room, in the summer; by contrast, the energy savings ratios were −9.9% and −2.7%, respectively, in the winter. Furthermore, Annual conditioning energy savings of white roof (3.9 kWh/m2) were 1.6 times the energy savings for the sedum-tray garden roof. It is evident that white roof is a preferable choice for office buildings in Chongqing. Additionally, The white roof had a reflectance of 0.58 after natural aging owing to the serious air pollution worsened its thermal performance, and the energy savings reduced by 0.033 kWh/m2·d. Evaporation was also identified to have a significant effect on the energy savings of the sedum-tray garden roof
From k-essence to generalised Galileons
We determine the most general scalar field theories which have an action that
depends on derivatives of order two or less, and have equations of motion that
stay second order and lower on flat space-time. We show that those theories can
all be obtained from linear combinations of Lagrangians made by multiplying a
particular form of the Galileon Lagrangian by an arbitrary scalar function of
the scalar field and its first derivatives. We also obtain curved space-time
extensions of those theories which have second order field equations for both
the metric and the scalar field. This provide the most general extension, under
the condition that field equations stay second order, of k-essence, Galileons,
k-Mouflage as well as of the kinetically braided scalars. It also gives the
most general action for a scalar classicalizer, which has second order field
equations. We discuss the relation between our construction and the Euler
hierachies of Fairlie et al, showing in particular that Euler hierachies allow
one to obtain the most general theory when the latter is shift symmetric. As a
simple application of our formalism, we give the covariantized version of the
conformal Galileon.Comment: 25 page
Exposing strangeness: projections for kaon electromagnetic form factors
A continuum approach to the kaon and pion bound-state problems is used to
reveal their electromagnetic structure. For both systems, when used with parton
distribution amplitudes appropriate to the scale of the experiment, Standard
Model hard-scattering formulae are accurate to within 25% at momentum transfers
GeV. There are measurable differences between the
distribution of strange and normal matter within the kaons, e.g. the ratio of
their separate contributions reaches a peak value of at GeV. Its subsequent -evolution is accurately described by the hard
scattering formulae. Projections for kaon and pion form factors at timelike
momenta beyond the resonance region are also presented. These results and
projections should prove useful in planning next-generation experiments.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
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Optimization of cool roof and night ventilation in office buildings: A case study in Xiamen, China
Increasing roof albedo (using a “cool” roof) and night ventilation are passive cooling technologies that can reduce the cooling loads in buildings, but existing studies have not comprehensively explored the potential benefits of integrating these two technologies. This study combines an experiment in the summer and transition seasons with an annual simulation so as to evaluate the thermal performance, energy savings and thermal comfort improvement that could be obtained by coupling a cool roof with night ventilation. A holistic approach integrating sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization is developed to explore key design parameters (roof albedo, night ventilation air change rate, roof insulation level and internal thermal mass level) and optimal design options for the combined application of the cool roof and night ventilation. The proposed approach is validated and demonstrated through studies on a six-storey office building in Xiamen, a cooling-dominated city in southeast China. Simulations show that combining a cool roof with night ventilation can significantly decrease the annual cooling energy consumption by 27% compared to using a black roof without night ventilation and by 13% compared to using a cool roof without night ventilation. Roof albedo is the most influential parameter for both building energy performance and indoor thermal comfort. Optimal use of the cool roof and night ventilation can reduce the annual cooling energy use by 28% during occupied hours when air-conditioners are on and reduce the uncomfortable time slightly during occupied hours when air-conditioners are off
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