Wastewater Quality Determines the Quantity of Offsite Sanitation Based on Downstream Standards

Offsite sanitation describes the wastewater management in the chain of generation sources to its disposal into the environment. While the user manages the onsite sanitation system for greywater, blackwater requires offsite treatment. In practice, offsite sanitation management implements scoping service areas for centralised, decentralised, and combined hybrid. This study aims to provide feasibility criteria for the offsite sanitation scale and formulate a method compatible with existing methods to accelerate sanitation services. The method used is a downstream approach by assessing the capacity of rivers to receive wastewater discharges. The results consist of river capacity criteria and wastewater quality requirements. The quality load of a river and water dilution ability determine the number of people and the suitability of the sanitation system. The decision-making process in determining the scale of offsite sanitation services directs the problem solution by considering technical, economic, financial, institutional regulations, environmental, and social aspects. Availability of data speeds up problem-solving with effective and efficient use of resources. The core conclusion states that wastewater quality parameters determine the scale of offsite sanitation services

Cleaning up black carbon using plant strategies

Black carbon aerosol is able to absorb solar radiation and the earth's surface, which results in warming of the air. In addition, aerosols that are directly absorbed through inhalation can have a negative impact on human health. Meanwhile, the ability of air to reduce the level of pollution is the deconcentrating of pollutants through abiotic mechanisms in the form of distribution, dilution, precipitation and washing when it rains. To strengthen the abiotic approach, this study aims to develop a biotic strategy by preparing plants capable of deconcentrating black carbon. The research method is based on a literature review, which specifically addresses the issue of black carbon. Literature is collected from the Mendeley platform and enriched through resource searches in open access journals. The results obtained are cleaning priorities for the closest source of aerosol generation, plant placement in priority areas, selection of plant species, intensification of vegetation quality and management of land cover extensification. The contribution of biotic strategies and phytoremediation pathways enhances the aerosol cleaning process. Plant maintenance and regeneration determine the sustainability of aerosol phytoremediation

Mixed plant operations for phytoremediation in polluted environments – A critical review

In this article, a theoretical approach is focusing on the use of mixed plants to remediate polluted environmental media. Essential conditions should be performed, particularly in supporting plant growth, the safety factor for consumers and the use of amendments in improving the efficiency of phytoremediation. In general, it takes more than one type of the plant to be more effective in restoring a polluted environment. For this purpose, the selected plant species mus synergistically eliminate the types of pollutants present in the environmental media. Thus, the mixed plants process becomes very effective in removing many of the pollutants on site. In practice, mixed plants operations could be selected from one or a combination of simultaneous, sequential or alternating patterns, all of which must be adapted to polluted media conditions

Yard phytoarchitecture for onsite sanitation of household wastewater containing copper

Copper can be found in various equipment, building materials, and consumer products. When buildings are used, copper can enter wastewater in different ways. It is challenging for occupants to remove copper physically or chemically since they can potentially reduce copper levels through yard phytoarchitecture. This study aims to formulate houseplants' suitability to become decorative plants for the yard phytoarchitecture, simultaneously as onsite sanitation. This study identified the copper deconcentration pathway in wastewater by studying published works-based research. Literature was collected and selected based on recency, accessibility, and the relationship among copper, wastewater, and plants. The study findings show that processing copper by plant has the greatest opportunity to be implemented on a building scale. The yard phytoarchitecture system involves arranging plants in the yard, which serves both as a decorative feature and a way to treat the building's wastewater. It can be used on dry yards or ponds and only requires a small amount of land. The plants used should have low leaf density and high root density. It plays a dual role consisting of onsite sanitation infrastructure and yard aesthetics, which mutually strengthen the environmental health locally and positively effect on a larger scale

Overview of indoor plants: phytoarchitecture as a building health platform

Decorative plants have developed into a strategic position in an effort to healthy indoor buildings, adding to their functions as decorations for the comfort of occupants. This overview of decorative plants aims to describe the determining factors in the relationship between plants, humans, phytoremediation, to produce sustainable healthy indoor quality. The literature search and selection method used the Mendeley Reference Manager platform. The results were categorized as interactions between plant and human responses, and between plants and indoor environmental quality. In summary, decorative plants are able to make people of all ages and their activities healthy physically and mentally, and it is important to avoid toxic plants even though they look beautiful. The ability of plants has been proven to be able to improve the environmental quality of indoor pollutants, as a function of phytoremediation to make indoor healthy for sustainable use, although should avoid plants with negative effect properties. The status is convincing to make decorative plants an essential living element in indoor. Promotion strategies and implementation tactics are proposed, adapted to local conditions

Phytoarchitecture design for public roads to combat air pollution resulting from transport operations

Public roads and all their activities interact with the environment outside. The interaction was related to transportation pollutants and their recipient bodies, plants, air, and soil. The interaction of these environmental components can produce air pollution and requires prevention solutions. Plants are considered capable of weakening pollution; thus, this study aims to design a novel phytoarchitecture for public roads where roadside plants reduce air pollutants. The method for achieving this goal was based on selected empirical research, which was searched, collected, and selected using the Mendeley reference manager platform with the search phrase: roadside plants, heavy metals, and gaseous pollutants. The selection of hundreds of literatures was carried out in three screening stages. The organisation of this literature review used the ecological approach of transportation pollutants and roadside plants. With the intended methodology, the results of this study indicate that gaseous pollutants and heavy metals arise from public road transportation activities. Traces of pollutants can be measured on the surrounding land and especially on plants. There are five functional characteristics of plants, including phytotreatment, which reduces air pollution; phytoaccumulation to store pollutants; phytoindicators to indicate the presence of excessive concentrations; phytotoxicity in response to toxic levels; and phytomonitoring, which can provide early warning system. Finally, an ecological design is proposed for new roads and improving, operating, and maintaining existing roadside plants. In conclusion, the plant roles can be applied as criteria in the architectural design of public roads

Phytoarchitecture Design Requires a Plant Selection Framework to Combat Air Contaminants in Building Areas Sustainably

Empowerment of plants to maintain the indoor and outdoor air quality of a building area promises occupant health and sustainable use of the building. In supporting plants' functional role, this study proposes a novel approach for a general framework for selecting plants. The method to achieve the objectives of this study was based on previous empirical studies conducted in various places under different environmental quality conditions. The essential findings of the selected literature became part of the technical feasibility process in selecting plants. Significant results indicate the mechanism of controlling airborne contaminants by plants through aerial parts and growth media. Gaseous pollutants can be absorbed along with carbon dioxide absorption, while particulate matter is deposited on the leaf surface. Some other contaminants enter the plant growth medium, which plants can process with microbes in the root zone. The use of plants for indoor and outdoor phytoremediation is various plant species, sourced and selected from a retrospective study, locally available and standard plants, and popular plants. These findings were developed to include assessments of contaminant-plant interactions and plant-specific experiments. The implications of the plant selection framework can be one of the promising methods in designing sustainable building phytoarchitectures

Retrospective study on indoor bioaerosol - prospective improvements to architectural criteria in building design

Introduction: Indoor bioaerosol is one of the factors of sick building syndrome that needs to be controlled for the health of building occupants. Control of bioaerosols is a daily obligation for occupants,but can be alleviated through a building design approach, so that the potential negative effects of bioaerosols are minimized. This study aims to fill the criteria for controlling bioaerosols at the building design stage, in addition to the operational use of the building. Methods: This literature study on indoor bioaerosols uses the Mendeley Reference Manager platform with the search phrase indoor bioaerosols. The selection of literature based on open access journals,in English, excluded the indoor production process. Results: In the perspective of the building infrastructure design, the ventilation system is an opening facility between indoor and outdoor,as a mechanism for air flow and quality balance between the two spaces. The implementation can be in the form of fixed openings in walls, openings that can be opened and closed manually or mechanically, including windows and doors. Effective reduction of bioaerosol concentration needs to sit up the type of ventilation that is adapted to the function of indoor use and occupancy load. The ventilation method is supported by a chemical method, which is appropriate for control in food service rooms and sanitation services. Conclusion: The bioaerosol control strategy can start from the design of the building by the designer and continue to the implementation and maintenance of the building by the occupants

Retrospective study on indoor bioaerosol - prospective improvements to architectural criteria in building design

Introduction: Indoor bioaerosol is one of the factors of sick building syndrome that needs to be controlled for the health of building occupants. Control of bioaerosols is a daily obligation for occupants,but can be alleviated through a building design approach, so that the potential negative effects of bioaerosols are minimized. This study aims to fill the criteria for controlling bioaerosols at the building design stage, in addition to the operational use of the building. Methods: This literature study on indoor bioaerosols uses the Mendeley Reference Manager platform with the search phrase indoor bioaerosols. The selection of literature based on open access journals,in English, excluded the indoor production process. Results: In the perspective of the building infrastructure design, the ventilation system is an opening facility between indoor and outdoor,as a mechanism for air flow and quality balance between the two spaces. The implementation can be in the form of fixed openings in walls, openings that can be opened and closed manually or mechanically, including windows and doors. Effective reduction of bioaerosol concentration needs to sit up the type of ventilation that is adapted to the function of indoor use and occupancy load. The ventilation method is supported by a chemical method, which is appropriate for control in food service rooms and sanitation services. Conclusion: The bioaerosol control strategy can start from the design of the building by the designer and continue to the implementation and maintenance of the building by the occupants

Wastewater Quality Determines the Quantity of Offsite Sanitation Based on Downstream Standards

Offsite sanitation describes the wastewater management in the chain of generation sources to its disposal into the environment. While the user manages the onsite sanitation system for greywater, blackwater requires offsite treatment. In practice, offsite sanitation management implements scoping service areas for centralised, decentralised, and combined hybrid. This study aims to provide feasibility criteria for the offsite small scale sanitation services and formulate a method compatible with existing methods to accelerate sanitation services. The method used is a downstream approach by assessing the capacity of rivers to receive wastewater discharges. The results consist of river capacity criteria and wastewater quality requirements. The quality load of a river and water dilution ability determine the number of people and the suitability of the sanitation system. The decision-making process in determining the scale of offsite sanitation services directs the problem solution by considering technical, economic, financial, institutional regulations, environmental, and social aspects. Availability of data speeds up problem-solving with effective and efficient use of resources. The core conclusion states that wastewater quality parameters determine the scale of offsite sanitation services. The criteria formation facilitates and accelerates the delivery of technology choices to a definitive number of people and gains their participation in using sanitation facilities