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Physical interpretation of the correlation between multi-angle spectral data and canopy height
Recent empirical studies have shown that multi-angle spectral data can be useful for predicting canopy height, but the physical reason for this correlation was not understood. We follow the concept of canopy spectral invariants, specifically escape probability, to gain insight into the observed correlation. Airborne Multi-Angle Imaging Spectrometer (AirMISR) and airborne Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) data acquired during a NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program aircraft campaign underlie our analysis. Two multivariate linear regression models were developed to estimate LVIS height measures from 28 AirMISR multi-angle spectral reflectances and from the spectrally invariant escape probability at 7 AirMISR view angles. Both models achieved nearly the same accuracy, suggesting that canopy spectral invariant theory can explain the observed correlation. We hypothesize that the escape probability is sensitive to the aspect ratio (crown diameter to crown height). The multi-angle spectral data alone therefore may not provide enough information to retrieve canopy height globally
DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induction in Cancer Cells by Chemically Engineered Thiolated Riboflavin Gold Nanoassembly
Herein we have engineered
a smart nuclear targeting thiol-modified riboflavin-gold nano assembly, <b>RfS@AuNPs</b>, which accumulates selectively in the nucleus without
any nuclear-targeting peptides (NLS/RGD) and shows photophysically
in vitro DNA intercalation. A theoretical model using Molecular Dynamics
has been developed to probe the mechanism of formation and stability
as well as dynamics of the <b>RfS@AuNPs</b> in aqueous solution
and within the DNA microenvironment. The <b>RfS@AuNPs</b> facilitate
the binucleated cell formation that is reflected in the significant
increase of DNA damage marker, γ-H2AX as well as the arrest
of most of the HeLa cells at the pre-G1 phase indicating cell death.
Moreover, a significant upregulation of apoptotic markers confirms
that the cell death occurs through the apoptotic pathway. Analyses
of the microarray gene expression of <b>RfS@AuNPs</b> treated
HeLa cells show significant alterations in vital biological processes
necessary for cell survival. Taken together, our study reports a unique
nuclear targeting mechanism through targeting the riboflavin receptors,
which are upregulated in cancer cells and induce apoptosis in the
targeted cells