4,822 research outputs found

    Heavy boson production through the collision of an ultrahigh-energy neutrino on a target nucleon

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    We discuss W and Z production through the deep inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering in the context of the standard model SU(3)x SU(2)x U(1) of the strong and electroweak interactions. We find the cross section rates for the process neutrino + nucleon --> lepton(-) + W(+) + X for the case of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos colliding on a target nucleon.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure

    Muon Pair Production by Electron-Photon Scatterings

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    The cross section for muon pair productions by electrons scattering over photons, σMPP\sigma_{MPP}, is calculated analytically in the leading order. It is pointed out that for the center-of-mass energy range, s≥5mμ2s \geq 5 m^{2}_{\mu}, the cross section for σMPP\sigma_{MPP} is less than 1μ1 \mu b. The differential energy spectrum for either of the resulting muons is given for the purpose of high-energy neutrino astronomy. An implication of our result for a recent suggestion concerning the high-energy cosmic neutrino generation through this muon pair is discussed.Comment: a comment added, to appear in Phys. Rev. D, Rapid Communicatio

    Pola Distribusi Beras dan Ketahanan Pangan di Propinsi Jawa Barat : Studi Kasus Kabupaten Garut

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    Ulasan surat kabar acapkali menggambarkan realita carut marut perberasan yang belum terselesaikan (lihat Kompas, 22 Juni 2010). Sementara itu Indonesia menghadapi tantangan terbesar yang harus disikapi serius oleh semua aktor perberasan. Tantangan liberalisasi perdagangan beras di kawasan perdagangan bebas ACFTA yang sudah mulai dijajaki dan paling lambat tahun 2018 sudah dilaksanakan. Jika pemerintah tidak menyikapi secara serius, dapat dipastikan posisi petani beras akan semakin termarjinalkan. Sikap keberpihakan pemerintah kepada petani hanya sebatas retorika sampai dengan saat ini. Ironisnya, permasalahan ketahanan pangan justru sering ditemukan di rumah tangga petani yang merupakan bagian net producer beras nasional

    Magnetic nanoformulation of azidothymidine 5’-triphosphate for targeted delivery across the blood–brain barrier

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    Despite significant advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prevalence of neuroAIDS remains high. This is mainly attributed to inability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thus resulting in insufficient drug concentration within the brain. Therefore, development of an active drug targeting system is an attractive strategy to increase the efficacy and delivery of ART to the brain. We report herein development of magnetic azidothymidine 5′-triphosphate (AZTTP) liposomal nanoformulation and its ability to transmigrate across an in vitro BBB model by application of an external magnetic field. We hypothesize that this magnetically guided nanoformulation can transverse the BBB by direct transport or via monocyte-mediated transport. Magnetic AZTTP liposomes were prepared using a mixture of phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol. The average size of prepared liposomes was about 150 nm with maximum drug and magnetite loading efficiency of 54.5% and 45.3%, respectively. Further, magnetic AZTTP liposomes were checked for transmigration across an in vitro BBB model using direct or monocyte-mediated transport by application of an external magnetic field. The results show that apparent permeability of magnetic AZTTP liposomes was 3-fold higher than free AZTTP. Also, the magnetic AZTTP liposomes were efficiently taken up by monocytes and these magnetic monocytes showed enhanced transendothelial migration compared to normal/non-magnetic monocytes in presence of an external magnetic field. Thus, we anticipate that the developed magnetic nanoformulation can be used for targeting active nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors to the brain by application of an external magnetic force and thereby eliminate the brain HIV reservoir and help to treat neuroAIDS

    Neutrino Observatories Can Characterize Cosmic Sources and Neutrino Properties

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    Neutrino telescopes that measure relative fluxes of ultrahigh-energy νe,νμ,ντ\nu_{e}, \nu_{\mu}, \nu_{\tau} can give information about the location and characteristics of sources, about neutrino mixing, and can test for neutrino instability and for departures from CPT invariance in the neutrino sector. We investigate consequences of neutrino mixing for the neutrino flux arriving at Earth, and consider how terrestrial measurements can characterize distant sources. We contrast mixtures that arise from neutrino oscillations with those signaling neutrino decays. We stress the importance of measuring νe,νμ,ντ\nu_{e}, \nu_{\mu}, \nu_{\tau} fluxes in neutrino observatories.Comment: 9 RevTeX pages, 4 figure

    Trans-arterial therapy for Fibrolamellar carcinoma: A case report and literature review

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    Introduction: Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare pathologically distinct primary liver cancer. Surgical resection is the only treatment associated with prolonged survival. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE), which is a recognised treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma has been used to treat FLC. We present a case and performed a literature review of patients with FLC treated with TAE. Case presentation: We present a 19-year old female with a large potentially resectable FLC which was initially treated with trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) with drug eluting beads. The TACE was followed by surgical resection. Histology confirmed tumour necrosis related to the previous TACE. Discussion & literature review: We identified seven case reports and one case series of TAE for FLC. TAE was either used as a neo-adjuvant therapy to facilitate subsequent tumour resection or as a palliative treatment modality. We propose an algorithm for the treatment of FLC that includes TAE. Conclusion: The rarity of FLC and the paucity of data precludes establishing clear evidence-based standards of care. We propose an algorithm for the treatment of FLC. The establishment of an international registry may facilitate the collection of better quality evidence
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