Manacled to Identity: Cosmopolitanism, Class, and ‘The Culture Concept’ in Stephen Crane

This article begins with a close reading of Stephen Crane’s short story ‘Manacled’ from 1900, which situates this rarely considered short work within the context of contemporary debates about realism. I then proceed to argue that many of the debates raised by the tale have an afterlife in our own era of American literary studies, which has frequently focused on questions of ‘identity’ and ‘culture’ in its reading of realism and naturalism to the exclusion of the importance of cosmopolitan discourses of diffusion and exchange across national borders. I then offer a brief reading of Crane’s novel George’s Mother, which follows Walter Benn Michaels in suggesting that the recent critical attention paid to particularities of cultural difference in American studies have come to conflate ideas of class and social position with ideas of culture in ways that have ultimately obscured the presence of genuine historical inequalities in US society. In order to challenge this critical commonplace, I situate Crane’s work within a history of transatlantic cosmopolitanism associated with the ideas of Franz Boas and Matthew Arnold to demonstrate the ways in which Crane’s narratives sought out an experience of the universal within their treatments of the particular

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Hemingway’s Thrice-Told Tale: \u3cem\u3eA Farewell to Arms\u3c/em\u3e and Noncombatant Fantasy

Compares narrative strategies employed by Dos Passos, Fitzgerald, and Hemingway to attract a noncombatant readership composed of veterans who felt shame and resentment over their lack of frontline service. Traces Hemingway’s evolving commitment to validating the noncombatants’ experience in “A Very Short Story,” The Sun Also Rises, and A Farewell to Arms. Gandal concludes that in his third rewriting of the doomed soldier-nurse love story, Hemingway achieved his greatest affirmation of the noncombatant through his creation of Frederic Henry, a noncombatant hero who proves his measure as a soldier and an officer. Also discusses Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers (1921) and Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) and The Great Gatsby (1925)

\u3cem\u3eThe Sun Also Rises\u3c/em\u3e and Mobilization Wounds : Emasculation, Joke Fronts, Military School Wannabes, and Postwar Jewish Quotas

Reads the novel within its historical contexts of mobilization and sexual revolution. Argues that the sense of loss and woundedness found in The Sun Also Rises, Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925), and Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury (1929) stems not from these authors’ horrific experiences in World War I but rather from their rejection by the U.S. military. Posits that their inability to fully participate in the war affected their social status by excluding them from mobilization and ushering them into a new meritocratic army, which included ethnic Americans. Cites Ettore Moretti passages from A Farewell to Arms to support his contention that The Sun Also Rises reflects Hemingway’s feelings of rivalry with ethnic minorities. Sees Jake’s “wound as a symbol of diminished manhood in the face of an implicit rejection or underappreciation by the armed forces—the tyrannical arbiter of masculinity in the era.” Concludes that while Jake rejects the army’s egalitarian teachings regarding ethnic Americans, he accepts them regarding the egalitarian treatment of women. Frequently compares The Sun Also Rises to The Great Gatsby

The Horrors of War Mobilization: The Early Works of Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Faulkner, and Dos Passos

Discusses the suffering noncombatant featured in Hemingway’s “A Very Short Story,” Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and the Damned (1922), Dos Passos’s Three Soldiers (1921), and Faulkner’s Soldiers’ Pay (1926), arguing that his feeling of humiliation stemming from his lack of frontline service is based on the lived experience of the authors. Gandal focuses on the protagonists’ intense mental anguish and how each deal with the social stigma associated with his noncombatant status, including rejection by women in search of higher-ranking men

Noncombatant Mobilization Wounds: The Postwar Masterpieces of Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner

Contends that Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner were socially emasculated by the radical mobilization policies of the US military during World War I that, by privileging meritocracy over ethnicity and class, excluded all three authors from frontline service. Examines how their frustration with their noncombatant experience manifests in their fictional construction of tragic love triangles featuring Anglo men bested by American “outsiders” in their pursuit of Anglo women. Compares The Sun Also Rises to Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) and Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury (1929)

War Isn't the Only Hell A New Reading of World War I American Literature

Ultimately, War Isn't the Only Hell shows how American World War I literature registered the profound ways in which new military practices and a foreign war unsettled traditional American hierarchies of class, ethnicity, gender, and even race.Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Shock of War and Meritocracy -- Part One: War Literature by Noncombatant Males -- 1. Noncombatant Mobilization Wounds: The Postwar Masterpieces of Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner -- 2. The Horrors of War Mobilization: The Early Works of Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Faulkner, and Dos Passos -- 3. Saved by French Arrest and Imprisonment: E. E. Cummings's The Enormous Room -- 4. Hemingway's Thrice-Told Tale: A Farewell to Arms and Noncombatant Fantasy -- Part Two: War Literature by Female Participants and Nonparticipants -- 5. The Mobilization of Young Women: Soldiers, Noncombatants, and Women from a Female Perspective in Porter's "Pale Horse, Pale Rider -- 6. "A Miracle So Wide": Ellen La Motte, Willa Cather, and the War's Opportunity -- Part Three: Combatant War Literature -- 7. A War Hero in an Antiwar Tale? Thomas Boyd's Through the Wheat -- 8. The Intimate Seductions of Meritocracy: Laurence Stallings's Plumes -- 9. Not Only What You Would Expect: The Inside Story in Victor Daly's Not Only War -- 10. Too Glorifying to Tell: The Unspeakable in William March's Company K and Hervey Allen's Toward the Flame -- Conclusion: War and Meritocracy Literature -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- YUltimately, War Isn't the Only Hell shows how American World War I literature registered the profound ways in which new military practices and a foreign war unsettled traditional American hierarchies of class, ethnicity, gender, and even race.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries