Prevalence of <em>Trypanosoma evansi</em> trypanosomosis in young camels in West Niger

An epidemiological survey was carried out in the pastoral area of West Niger to compare Trypanosoma evansi prevalence in young and adult camels. In total, 233 camels of all ages and both sexes were sampled in two regions with different ecological and climatic characteristics: the first one in the North (Ingall and Ighazer) was a dry and grassy valley; the second one further down south (Tchintabaraden and Abalak) was wetter, with dunes containing many ponds with trees. The microhematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT evansi) were used to determine the prevalence. MHCT showed low sensitivity (only one positive case), whereas CATT evansi revealed a total prevalence of 12.0%. Seropositivity varied with the regions and seasonal herd moves (P < 0.001). Camels established in the Northern region were less infested than those in the Southern one (11.4 vs. 29.4%, respectively). Camels moving between both regions were the least affected (3.2%). All age groups were infested with no significant statistical difference, in particular between less than one-year old and older camels (6.9 and 13.7%, respectively). Four camel calves less than one year of age were seropositive: one was 11-months old and the other three less than two-months. Seropositivity could originate from an active infestation or from colostral IgG. Further studies are needed to specify whether infestation of camel calves less than two-months old is or not active by analyzing the immune status of camel dams and/or using a sensitive technique for Trypanosoma serological detection

La tuberculose à Mycobacterium bovis en Afrique subsaharienne

peer reviewe

Static analysis of synchronous programs in signal for efficient design of multi-clocked embedded systems

International audienc

Multi-threaded code generation from Signal program to OpenMP

International audienceThe use of multi-core processors will become a trend in safety critical systems. For safe execution of multithreaded code, automatic code generation from formal specification is a desirable method. Signal, a synchronous language dedicated for the functional description of safety critical systems, provides soundness semantics for deterministic concurrency. Although sequential code generation of Signal has been implemented in Polychrony compiler, deterministic multi-threaded code generation strategy is still far from mature. Moreover, existing code generation methods use certain multi-thread library, which limits the cross platform executions. OpenMP is an application program interface (API) standard for parallel programming, supported by several mainstream compilers from different platforms. This paper presents a methodology translating Signal program to OpenMP-based multi-threaded C code. First, the intermediate representation of the core syntax of Signal using synchronous guarded actions is defined. Then, according to the compositional semantics of Signal equations, the Signal program is synthesized to dependency graph (DG). After parallel tasks are extracted from dependency graph, the Signal program can be finally translated into OpenMP-based C code which can be executed on multiple platforms