Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: After its initial detection in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly, causing successive epidemic waves worldwide. This study aims to provide a genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina Faso. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy-seven SARS-CoV-2 genomes obtained from PCR-positive nasopharyngeal samples (PCR cycle threshold score < 35) collected between 5 May 2020, and 31 January 2022 were analyzed. Genomic sequences were assigned to phylogenetic clades using NextClade and to Pango lineages using pangolin. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed to determine the geographical sources and time of virus introduction in Burkina Faso. RESULTS: The analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genomes can be assigned to 10 phylogenetic clades and 27 Pango lineages already described worldwide. Our analyses revealed the important role of cross-border human mobility in the successive SARS-CoV-2 introductions in Burkina Faso from neighboring countries. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides additional insights into the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in West Africa. It highlights the importance of land travel in the spread of the virus and the need to rapidly implement preventive policies. Regional cross-border collaborations and the adherence of the general population to government policies are key to prevent new epidemic waves

Molecular prevalence, genetic characterization and patterns of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic small mammals from Cotonou, Benin

Toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in humans and animals, is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Small mammals play a key role as intermediate reservoir hosts in the maintenance of the T. gondii life cycle. In this study, we estimated the molecular prevalence and provide genetic diversity data for T. gondii in 632 small mammals sampled in four areas of Cotonou city, Benin. Both the brain and heart of each individual were screened through T. gondii-targeting qPCR, and positive samples were then genotyped using a set of 15 T. gondii-specific microsatellites. Prevalence data were statistically analyzed in order to assess the relative impact of individual host characteristics, spatial distribution, composition of small mammal community, and urban landscape features. An overall T. gondii molecular prevalence of 15.2% was found and seven genotypes, all belonging to the Africa 1 lineage, could be retrieved from the invasive black rat Rattus rattus and the native African giant shrew Crocidura olivieri. Statistical analyses did not suggest any significant influence of the environmental parameters used in this study. Rather, depending on the local context, T. gondii prevalence appeared to be associated either with black rat, shrew, or mouse abundance or with the trapping period. Overall, our results highlight the intricate relationships between biotic and abiotic factors involved in T. gondii epidemiology and suggest that R. rattus and C. olivieri are two competent reservoirs for the Africa 1 lineage, a widespread lineage in tropical Africa and the predominant lineage in Benin

Structure spatiale de la diversité génétique de Toxoplasma gondii au Sénégal : rôle du commerce maritime ?

International audienc

Conséquences des invasions de rongeurs liées aux activités humaines sur l’épidémiologie et la structure des populations de Toxoplasma gondii : l'exemple du Sénégal

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan capable of infecting all homeotherms including humans. A marked geographical contrast has been noted at the global scale concerning the genetic diversity and pathogenicity in humans of strains of this parasite. A growing number of studies show the importance of considering the influence of strain factor in the study of the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis. However, genetic diversity data remain very limited for large regions of the world including Asia and Africa. Also, the determinants of the spatial structure of T. gondii populations worldwide remain poorly understood. During this work, we were interested in the influence of human exchanges on the evolution of parasite populations in Africa, and more particularly in Senegal. Our results support an important role of invasive rodents that accompany human exchanges in the introduction of strains at the port areas of the country through maritime trade. Our results also suggest a role of the invasive mouse Mus musculus domesticus in the counterselection of the clonal lineage Africa 1, the predominant lineage of T. gondii in West Africa. These new elements shed light on some of the mechanisms that shape T. gondii populations. Further studies in different epidemiological situations, combined with experimental studies, will be needed to accurately measure the influence of these host parasite interactions on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.Toxoplasma gondii est un protozoaire zoonotique ubiquiste capable d’infecter tous les homéothermes dont l’homme. Un contraste géographique marqué a été relevé à l’échelle globale concernant la diversité génétique et la pathogénicité chez l’homme des souches de ce parasite. Un nombre croissant d’études montre l’importance de considérer l’influence du facteur souche parasitaire dans l’étude de l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose humaine. Cependant, les données de diversité génétique demeurent très limitées pour de larges régions du monde dont l’Asie et l’Afrique. Egalement, les déterminants de la structure spatiale des populations de T. gondii dans le monde demeurent mal compris. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence des échanges humains sur l’évolution des populations du parasite en Afrique, et plus particulièrement au Sénégal. Nos résultats soutiennent un rôle important des rongeurs invasifs qui accompagnent les échanges humains dans l’introduction de souches au niveau des zones portuaires du pays par voie maritime.Nos résultats suggèrent également un rôle de la souris invasive Mus musculus domesticus dans la contre-sélection de la lignée clonale Africa 1, la lignée prédominante de T. gondii en Afrique de l’Ouest. Ces nouveaux éléments éclairent sur une partie des mécanismes qui régissent le fonctionnement des populations de T. gondii. D’autres études réalisées dans différents contextes épidémiologiques, alliées à des études expérimentales, seront nécessaires pour donner une juste mesure de l’influence de ces interactions hôtes-parasites sur l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose

Conséquences des invasions de rongeurs liées aux activités humaines sur l’épidémiologie et la structure des populations de Toxoplasma gondii : l'exemple du Sénégal

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan capable of infecting all homeotherms including humans. A marked geographical contrast has been noted at the global scale concerning the genetic diversity and pathogenicity in humans of strains of this parasite. A growing number of studies show the importance of considering the influence of strain factor in the study of the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis. However, genetic diversity data remain very limited for large regions of the world including Asia and Africa. Also, the determinants of the spatial structure of T. gondii populations worldwide remain poorly understood. During this work, we were interested in the influence of human exchanges on the evolution of parasite populations in Africa, and more particularly in Senegal. Our results support an important role of invasive rodents that accompany human exchanges in the introduction of strains at the port areas of the country through maritime trade. Our results also suggest a role of the invasive mouse Mus musculus domesticus in the counterselection of the clonal lineage Africa 1, the predominant lineage of T. gondii in West Africa. These new elements shed light on some of the mechanisms that shape T. gondii populations. Further studies in different epidemiological situations, combined with experimental studies, will be needed to accurately measure the influence of these host parasite interactions on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.Toxoplasma gondii est un protozoaire zoonotique ubiquiste capable d’infecter tous les homéothermes dont l’homme. Un contraste géographique marqué a été relevé à l’échelle globale concernant la diversité génétique et la pathogénicité chez l’homme des souches de ce parasite. Un nombre croissant d’études montre l’importance de considérer l’influence du facteur souche parasitaire dans l’étude de l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose humaine. Cependant, les données de diversité génétique demeurent très limitées pour de larges régions du monde dont l’Asie et l’Afrique. Egalement, les déterminants de la structure spatiale des populations de T. gondii dans le monde demeurent mal compris. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence des échanges humains sur l’évolution des populations du parasite en Afrique, et plus particulièrement au Sénégal. Nos résultats soutiennent un rôle important des rongeurs invasifs qui accompagnent les échanges humains dans l’introduction de souches au niveau des zones portuaires du pays par voie maritime.Nos résultats suggèrent également un rôle de la souris invasive Mus musculus domesticus dans la contre-sélection de la lignée clonale Africa 1, la lignée prédominante de T. gondii en Afrique de l’Ouest. Ces nouveaux éléments éclairent sur une partie des mécanismes qui régissent le fonctionnement des populations de T. gondii. D’autres études réalisées dans différents contextes épidémiologiques, alliées à des études expérimentales, seront nécessaires pour donner une juste mesure de l’influence de ces interactions hôtes-parasites sur l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose

Consequences of human-mediated rodent invasions on the epidemiology and population structure of Toxoplasma gondii : the example of Senegal

Toxoplasma gondii est un protozoaire zoonotique ubiquiste capable d’infecter tous les homéothermes dont l’homme. Un contraste géographique marqué a été relevé à l’échelle globale concernant la diversité génétique et la pathogénicité chez l’homme des souches de ce parasite. Un nombre croissant d’études montre l’importance de considérer l’influence du facteur souche parasitaire dans l’étude de l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose humaine. Cependant, les données de diversité génétique demeurent très limitées pour de larges régions du monde dont l’Asie et l’Afrique. Egalement, les déterminants de la structure spatiale des populations de T. gondii dans le monde demeurent mal compris. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence des échanges humains sur l’évolution des populations du parasite en Afrique, et plus particulièrement au Sénégal. Nos résultats soutiennent un rôle important des rongeurs invasifs qui accompagnent les échanges humains dans l’introduction de souches au niveau des zones portuaires du pays par voie maritime.Nos résultats suggèrent également un rôle de la souris invasive Mus musculus domesticus dans la contre-sélection de la lignée clonale Africa 1, la lignée prédominante de T. gondii en Afrique de l’Ouest. Ces nouveaux éléments éclairent sur une partie des mécanismes qui régissent le fonctionnement des populations de T. gondii. D’autres études réalisées dans différents contextes épidémiologiques, alliées à des études expérimentales, seront nécessaires pour donner une juste mesure de l’influence de ces interactions hôtes-parasites sur l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose.Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan capable of infecting all homeotherms including humans. A marked geographical contrast has been noted at the global scale concerning the genetic diversity and pathogenicity in humans of strains of this parasite. A growing number of studies show the importance of considering the influence of strain factor in the study of the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis. However, genetic diversity data remain very limited for large regions of the world including Asia and Africa. Also, the determinants of the spatial structure of T. gondii populations worldwide remain poorly understood. During this work, we were interested in the influence of human exchanges on the evolution of parasite populations in Africa, and more particularly in Senegal. Our results support an important role of invasive rodents that accompany human exchanges in the introduction of strains at the port areas of the country through maritime trade. Our results also suggest a role of the invasive mouse Mus musculus domesticus in the counterselection of the clonal lineage Africa 1, the predominant lineage of T. gondii in West Africa. These new elements shed light on some of the mechanisms that shape T. gondii populations. Further studies in different epidemiological situations, combined with experimental studies, will be needed to accurately measure the influence of these host parasite interactions on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmose : des chercheurs de Limoges ont fait parler le génome du parasite en lien avec l'histoire du chat

Le Populaire du Centr

Etude de l’introgression des génotypes de Toxoplasma gondii entre la France et l’Afrique de l’Ouest et Centrale, et son impact sur l’épidémiologie de la toxoplasmose dans ces régions

International audienceExploring the population structure of Toxoplasma gondii is important to understand its worldwide distribution and the determinants of its evolution. To date, in Europe and North America, most of isolated strains appeared to belong to two main weakly pathogenic clonal lineages: Types II and III. Conversely, studies from South America showed evidence for a substantial genetic diversity in this continent. Other genotypes were described in Africa. Determinants of this spatial structure are still poorly understood. Moreover, globalization of exchanges could drive rapid evolution of T. gondii population spatial structure, with unknown health outcomes. Our aim was to investigate the possible role of maritime trade in T. gondii introgressions between France and Senegal, two countries sharing a long history of trade since the 17th century.In this study, 55 isolates from Senegal were obtained by mouse bioassay from domestic fauna in two ports cities founded by French colons (Dakar and Saint-Louis) and one inland remote region (Kedougou). Genotyping using 15 microsatellite markers revealed the presence of a highly contrasting diversity between port cities and the inland Kedougou. In Saint-Louis, the common lineage Type II and a French Type II variant were predominant (23/26). In Dakar, Type II (10/22) and Type III (6/22) represented together the majority of the isolates, beside a diversity of numerously marginal African lineages and unique strains. Conversely, the highly mouse-virulent African lineage Africa 1 was predominant in Kedougou (4/6).This contrasting population structure between port cities and inland suggests a possible role of maritime trade

Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains at the global level and its determinants

International audienceThe population structure of Toxoplasma gondii is characterized by contrasting geographic patterns of strain diversity at different spatial scales: global, regional and even local scales in some regions. The determinants of this diversity pattern and its possible evolutionary mechanisms are still largely unexplored. This review will focus on three main dichotomies observed in the population structure of the parasite: (1) domestic versus wild, (2) South America versus the rest of the world and (3) intercontinental clonal lineages versus regional or local clonal lineages. Here, the impact in terms of public health of this remarkably contrasting geographic diversity of T. gondii populations is discussed, with emphasis on the role of globalization of exchanges that could lead to rapid evolution of T. gondii population spatial structure and new challenges in a One Health context

Toxoplasma and Africa: One Parasite, Two Opposite Population Structures

International audienceExploring the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for an understanding of its worldwide distribution and the determinants of its evolution. Africa remains one of the least studied areas of the world regarding T. gondii genetic diversity. This review has compiled published data on T. gondii strains from Africa to generate a comprehensive map of their continent-wide geographical distribution. The emerging picture about T. gondii strain distribution in Africa suggests a geographical separation of the parasite populations across the continent. We discuss the potential role of a number of factors in shaping this structure. We finally suggest the next steps towards a better understanding of Toxoplasma epidemiology in Africa in light of the strains circulating on this continent