Chua's Circuit in Spread Spectrum Communication Systems

Communication system via chaotic modulations is demonstrated. It contains the well-known chaotic circuits as its basic elements - Chua's circuits. The proposed system has some standard properties of spread spectrum communication. The following advantage is found in simulations: a) Transmitted signals have broad spectra. b) Secure communications are possible in the sense that the better parameter matching is required in order to recover the signal. c) The circuit structure of the communication system is most simple and communication systems are easily built at a small outlay. Finally computer simulations are given to examine the validity of this system

A Robust Chaos-Based True Random Number Generator Embedded in Reconfigurable Switched-Capacitor Hardware

This paper presents a new chaos-based True Random Number Generator (TRNG) with a decreased voltage supply sensitivity. Contrary to the traditionally used sources of randomness it uses a well-defined deterministic switched-capacitor circuit that exhibits chaos. The whole design is embedded into a commercially available mixed-signal Cypress PSoC reconfigurable device without any external components. The proposed design is optimized for a reduction of influence of the supply voltage to the quality of the generated random bit stream. The influence of circuit non-idealities is significantly reduced by the proposed XOR corrector and optimized circuit topology. The ultimate output bit rate of the proposed TRNG is 60 kbit/s and the quality of generated bit-streams is confirmed by passing standard FIPS and correlation statistical tests performed in the full range of PSoC device supply voltages

Effects of Spreading Sequences on the Performance of MC-CDMA System with Nonlinear Models of HPA

Performance evaluation and comparison of multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system model for different spreading sequences at the presence of Saleh and Rapp model of high power amplifier (HPA) is investigated. Nonlinear amplification introduces degradation of bit error performance and destroys the orthogonality among subcarriers. In order to avoid performance degradation without requiring extremely large backoffs in the transmitter amplifier, it becomes convenient to use nonlinear multi-user detection techniques at the receiver side. In order to illustrate this fact, microstatistic multi-user receiver (MSF-MUD) and conventional minimum mean square error receiver (MMSE-MUD) are considered and mutually compared. The results of our analyses based on computer simulations will show very clearly, that the application of nonlinear MSF-MUD in combination with Golay codes can provide significantly better results than the other tested spreading codes and receivers. Besides this fact, a failure of Walsh codes especially at the Saleh model of HPA will be outlined by using constellation diagram

Dimensionality constraints of light-induced rotation

We have studied the conditions of rotation induced by collimated light carrying no angular momentum. Objects of different shapes and optical properties were examined in the nontrivial case where the rotation axis is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation. This geometry offers important advantages for application as it fundamentally broadens the possible practical arrangements to be realised. We found that collimated light cannot drive permanent rotation of 2D or prism-like 3D objects (i.e., fixed cross-sectional profile along the rotation axis) in the case of fully reflective or fully transparent materials. Based on both geometrical optics simulations and theoretical analysis, we derived a general condition for rotation induced by collimated light carrying no angular momentum valid for any arrangement: Permanent rotation is not possible if the scattering interaction is two-dimensional and lossless. In contrast, light induced rotation can be sustained if partial absorption is present or the object has specific true 3D geometry. We designed, simulated, fabricated, and experimentally tested a microscopic rotor capable of rotation around an axis perpendicular to the illuminating light. (c) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC

Optical application and measurement of torque on microparticles of isotropic nonabsorbing material

We show how it is possible to controllably rotate or align microscopic particles of isotropic nonabsorbing material in a TEM00 Gaussian beam trap, with simultaneous measurement of the applied torque using purely optical means. This is a simple and general method of rotation, requiring only that the particle is elongated along one direction. Thus, this method can be used to rotate or align a wide range of naturally occurring particles. The ability to measure the applied torque enables the use of this method as a quantitative tool--the rotational equivalent of optical tweezers based force measurement. As well as being of particular value for the rotation of biological specimens, this method is also suitable for the development of optically-driven micromachines.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Optical microrheology using rotating laser-trapped particles

We demonstrate an optical system that can apply and accurately measure the torque exerted by the trapping beam on a rotating birefringent probe particle. This allows the viscosity and surface effects within liquid media to be measured quantitatively on a micron-size scale using a trapped rotating spherical probe particle. We use the system to measure the viscosity inside a prototype cellular structure.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. v2: bibliographic details, minor text correction

The Effects of Chemical Interactions and Culture History on the Colonization of Structured Habitats by Competing Bacterial Populations: Data Set

We explored the colonization of a patchy ecosystem by two neutrally labeled, but otherwise isogenic, strains of Escherichia coli. One-dimensional arrays of habitat patches linked by connectors were inoculated at opposite ends by two fluorescently-labeled strains, and the colonization was studied by time-lapse microscopy. We focussed on the degree of reproducibility of the resulting colonization patterns and on the interactions between the two populations during the colonization process

Chemotaxis When Bacteria Remember: Drift versus Diffusion

{\sl Escherichia coli} ({\sl E. coli}) bacteria govern their trajectories by switching between running and tumbling modes as a function of the nutrient concentration they experienced in the past. At short time one observes a drift of the bacterial population, while at long time one observes accumulation in high-nutrient regions. Recent work has viewed chemotaxis as a compromise between drift toward favorable regions and accumulation in favorable regions. A number of earlier studies assume that a bacterium resets its memory at tumbles -- a fact not borne out by experiment -- and make use of approximate coarse-grained descriptions. Here, we revisit the problem of chemotaxis without resorting to any memory resets. We find that when bacteria respond to the environment in a non-adaptive manner, chemotaxis is generally dominated by diffusion, whereas when bacteria respond in an adaptive manner, chemotaxis is dominated by a bias in the motion. In the adaptive case, favorable drift occurs together with favorable accumulation. We derive our results from detailed simulations and a variety of analytical arguments. In particular, we introduce a new coarse-grained description of chemotaxis as biased diffusion, and we discuss the way it departs from older coarse-grained descriptions.Comment: Revised version, journal reference adde

Globally-Linked Vortex Clusters in Trapped Wave Fields

We put forward the existence of a rich variety of fully stationary vortex structures, termed H-clusters, made of an increasing number of vortices nested in paraxial wave fields confined by trapping potentials. However, we show that the constituent vortices are globally linked, rather than products of independent vortices. Also, they always feature a monopolar global wave front and exist in nonlinear systems, such as Bose-Einstein condensates. Clusters with multipolar global wave fronts are non-stationary or at best flipping.Comment: 4 pages, 5 PostScript figure

Shape-induced force fields in optical trapping

Advances in optical tweezers, coupled with the proliferation of two-photon polymerization systems, mean that it is now becoming routine to fabricate and trap non-spherical particles. The shaping of both light beams and particles allows fine control over the flow of momentum from the optical to mechanical regimes. However, understanding and predicting the behaviour of such systems is highly complex in comparison with the traditional optically trapped microsphere. In this Article, we present a conceptually new and simple approach based on the nature of the optical force density. We illustrate the method through the design and fabrication of a shaped particle capable of acting as a passive force clamp, and we demonstrate its use as an optically trapped probe for imaging surface topography. Further applications of the design rules highlighted here may lead to new sensors for probing biomolecule mechanics, as well as to the development of optically actuated micromachines