Steganography and Steganalysis : Different Approaches

Steganography is the technique of hiding confidential information within any media. Steganography is often confused with cryptography because the two are similar in the way that they both are used to protect confidential information. The difference between the two is in the appearance in the processed output; the output of steganography operation is not apparently visible but in cryptography the output is scrambled so that it can draw attention. Steganlysis is process to detect of presence of steganography. In this article we have tried to elucidate the different approaches towards implementation of steganography using ‘multimedia’ file (text, static image, audio and video) and Network IP datagram as cover. Also some methods of steganalysis will be discussed

Morphological and cultural characterization of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler blight of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex J.D. Hook)

Fungal blights are among the major concern for limiting the cultivation and production of many ornamental and flowering plants. Gerbera is an important cut flower with great export potential. However, it is infected by many pathogens in the protected cultivation. The severe infection of fungal blight caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was observed in the polyhouse condition. Hence, in this study, critical morphological and cultural studies were done to understand the pathogen behaviour. The fungus A. alternata produced profuse mycelium on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) with an average width of 4.42 ?m in diameter, conidiophores, conidia and intercalary chlamydospores measured as 42.26 x 4.29 ?m, 47.16 x 13.49 ?m and 7.22 ?m in diameter, respectively. The synthetic media viz., Leonions’s agar, Glucose-peptone agar and Sabourand’s agar and non-synthetic media, Oat meal agar and PDA were excellent for the mycelial growth and conidial production of A. alternata

Fungicidal management of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler causing blight of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex J.D. Hook)

Alternaria, the fungal pathogen has wide host range generally attacks the aerial parts of plants causing leaf spots and blights. Gerbera is a genus of ornamental flower plants. Gerbera plants are infected by many diseases. Different disease management practices are adopted in gerbera cultivation. The fungicidal management of Alternaria blight is one of the important strategies for the disease management in gerbera in polyhouse condition. In this study, preventive and curative fungicidal sprays were adopted for the management of blight disease in polyhouse. This study revealed that preventive fungicidal sprays were significant over curative fungicidal sprays for the management of Alternaria alternata blight of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex J.D. Hook) in polyhouse. The preventive sprays made of Bordeaux mixture (0.6 %), tricyclazole (0.1%) and iprodione + carbendazim (0.1%) fungicides were found effective with 95.85 %, 96.59 % and 95.88 % disease control respectively, under polyhouse condition

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Keratin degrading microorganisms from Poultry soil and their Feather degradation Potential

Keratinolytic microorganisms have a great importance in poultry waste degradation and its bioconversion to compost or animal feed. The aim of this study was to isolate keratin degrading bacteria and fungi from poultry farm soil, and to study their ability to degrade chicken feathers. The poultry farm soil samples were added in basal medium with feathers as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Five bacterial cultures were isolated. Bacteria were grown in basal media with feathers meal and showed feather degrading capacity. Bacterial strains were identified as Aeromicrobium spp., Exiguobacter spp., Marinococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. 1 Bacillus spp 2.These bacteria showed keratinolytic enzyme activity in the cell free culture supernatants. The highest biodegradation of feathers was obtained using Aeromicrobium (KD1-72.55%), among the isolated cultures. Two fungal cultures (F1 and F2) were also isolated by Hair Bait Technique, out of which F1 showed good keratinolytic activity. The good ability of selected microorganisms to degrade feathers can be utilized for their potential biotechnological application in processing of feather waste from poultry industry

A Modified Hybrid Port Knocking Technique for Host Authentication A Review

The main objective is to develop and assess the performance of a replacement PK technique, which may avert all kinds of port attacks and meets all network security necessities. Port knock is a crucial conception to secure services provided by the servers. By a predefined port knock sequence server establish whether or not the request could be a legitimate request for a service. The new technique uti lizes three acknowledge ideas, these are: port - knocking (PK), steganography, and mutual authentication, therefore, it mentioned because the hybrid port - knocking (HPK) technique. It are often used for host authentication to form native services invisible from port scanning, giv e an additional layer of security. During this paper presents analyzing the network sec urity concept of Port knock and assess their quality as firewall authentication mechanisms for gap network ports or activity bound actions on servers. This paper is developing and evaluating the performance of a replacement proposed modified hybrid port kn ock (MHPK) technique with proposed encryption/decryption technique. The planned technique is to stop completely different - different kinds of port attack and fulfill the complete security demand for network. Planned technique is that the combination of 4 i deas, this are port knocks (PK), symmetric key encryption/decryption, steganography and mutual authentication. Primarily it the improved modification of hybrid port knocking therefore; it observed because the modified hybrid port - knocking (MHPK) technique

e-Banking in India -Challenges and Opportunities

ABSTRACT E-banking i