Dual Image Watermarking Scheme based on DWT-SVD

The active development of internet, advance smart hand held devices and multimedia technologies have made it possible to easily create, copy, transmit, and distribute multimedia data instantly. Besides all of these advantages, there are many undesired issues including the piracy of digital data. It creates as issue like protection rights of the content and ownership. This concern has drawn the attention of the researchers toward the development of multimedia protection schemes using digital watermark. In this paper, a new image watermarking algorithm is presented which is robust against various attacks. DWT and SVD have been used to embed two watermarks in the HL and LH bands of the host image. Simulation evaluation demonstrates that the proposed technique withstand various attacks

Vertebral arteries bilaterally passing through stellate (cervicothoracic) ganglion

Vertebral artery is a branch of the first part of subclavian artery. Vertebral artery arising from the aortic arch most commonly presents on the left side. The cervical part of sympathetic trunk is closely related to the vertebral artery in the cervical region. Though lots of variations regarding anomalous origin, course of vertebral artery is reported in the literature, here we present a rare anomaly in which vertebral artery after originating from aortic arch is passing through stellate ganglia and it enters into the transverse foramina of higher cervical vertebra (C5). Such variation should be kept in mind by anaesthetist during stellate ganglion block in order to relieve intractable pain in central nervous system lesion. Surgeons should keep this anomaly in mind during cervical spine surgery otherwise vertebral artery may get injured leading to haemorrhage

A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial to study efficacy and safety of benzydamine 0.15% gargles in prevention of postoperative sore throat

Background: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is an undesirable outcome of general anesthesia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of benzydamine preoperative gargles in reducing the incidence and severity of POST.Methods: A randomized double blind prospective study involving 200 adult male and female patients was performed to assess the incidence of sore throat, cough and hoarseness of voice following tracheal intubation. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (group B and group C) of 100 each. Group B patients received benzydamine 0.15% gargles while group C received placebo. Patients were asked to gargle for 30 seconds, five minutes before induction of anesthesia. The patients were examined for sore throat, cough and hoarseness of voice at intervals of 0, 2, 4, and 24 hours post-extubation.Results: The incidence of POST was significantly high (p<0.05) in the group C (controls) as compared to group B (cases) at all the durations of time after extubation. The peak incidence was noted at 0 and 2 hours post extubation, in both the groups, where 89% in group C and 47% reports of sore throat in group B were observed. The benzydamine group B had no evidence of sore throat at 24 hours duration whereas group C had 36% of patients who still complained sore throat. The incidence and severity of hoarseness of voice was found to be significantly low in group B at all the times as compared to group C (p<0.05).Conclusions: A simple technique of gargling performed preoperatively with benzydamine hydrochloride was effective in reducing POST with no evidence of any side effects.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL MUCOADHESIVE DERIVATIVE OF PSYLLIUM SEED POLYSACCHARIDE

Objective: In the present study, thiol-functionalization of psyllium seed polysaccharide (PSY) was cross-linked with thioglycolic acid by esterification in an attempt to reveal the mucoadhesive properties of thiolated psyllium seed polysaccharide (TPSY).Methods: The crosslinking was carried out by the microwave-assisted method. A simplex centroid design was employed to systematically study the mucoadhesive strength, mucoadhesive retention time and drug release profile. Comparative evaluation of carbopol-based ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (HCl) tablets containing PSY and TPSY was carried out. Acute oral toxicity studies and repeated oral toxicity for TPSY were also conducted.Results: Thiol-functionalization was confirmed by-SH stretch in Fourier Transform infra-red spectra at 2353 cm-1. Thiolation was observed in thiolated PSY (TPSY) by a change in the surface morphology of psyllium from fibrous to granular and resulted in 82 %swelling in deionized water. TPSY was found to contain 102.35 mmol of thiol groups/g as determined by the Ellman's method. The percent increase in mucoadhesive strength of TPSY was found to be 50.31 % as compared to PSY and 128.30 % as compared to carbopol. The percent increase in mucoadhesive retention time of TPSY was found to be 110 % as compared to PSY and 50 % as compared to carbopol.Conclusion: Mucoadhesion strength and mucoadhesive retention time were greater of tablets containing a higher amount of TPSY. Further, the acute oral toxicity studies and repeated oral toxicity for TPSY proved it as non-toxic and hence safe for human use

Pharmacognostical and Phytophysicochemical investigations of Trigonella foenum – graecum Linn

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), plant is distributed throughout the world and which belongs to the family Fabacecae. The fenugreek seed contains active constituents such as Carbohydrates, Proteins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Free amino acids, Saponins, Glycosides, Vitamins, Minerals, Mucilage, Fixed Oils & Volatile Oils etc. It has been commonly used as a traditional food and medicine. Fenugreek is known to have hypoglycemic, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, Anti-inflammatory effects. Fenugreek has potential for curing diseases and also as a source for preparing raw materials of pharmaceutical industry like in steroidal hormones. This review gives view mainly on the Morphological evaluation, Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical evaluation, Fluorescence Analysis and Phytochemical  evaluation. Keywords:  Trigonella Foenum-groecum L., Seeds, Fabacecae, Saponins

Acute stress impairs sensorimotor gating via the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in the prefrontal cortex

Ample evidence indicates that environmental stress impairs information processing, yet the underlying mechanisms remain partially elusive. We showed that, in several rodent models of psychopathology, the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AP) reduces the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle, a well-validated index of sensorimotor gating. Since this GABAA receptor activator is synthesized in response to acute stress, we hypothesized its participation in stress-induced PPI deficits. Systemic AP administration reduced PPI in C57BL/6J mice and Long-Evans, but not Sprague-Dawley rats. These effects were reversed by isoallopregnanolone (isoAP), an endogenous AP antagonist, and the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and mimicked by AP infusions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Building on these findings, we tested AP's implication in the PPI deficits produced by several complementary regimens of acute and short-term stress (footshock, restraint, predator exposure, and sleep deprivation). PPI was reduced by acute footshock, sleep deprivation as well as the combination of restraint and predator exposure in a time- and intensity-dependent fashion. Acute stress increased AP concentrations in the mPFC, and its detrimental effects on PPI were countered by systemic and intra-mPFC administration of isoAP. These results collectively indicate that acute stress impairs PPI by increasing AP content in the mPFC. The confirmation of these mechanisms across distinct animal models and several acute stressors strongly supports the translational value of these findings and warrants future research on the role of AP in information processing

Efficient Deep-Web-Harvesting Using Advanced Crawler

Due to heavy usage of internet large amount of diverse data is spread over it which provides access to particular data or to search most relevant data. It is very challenging for search engine to fetch relevant data as per user’s need and which consumes more time. So, to reduce large amount of time spend on searching most relevant data we proposed the “Advanced crawler”. In this proposed approach, results collected from different web search engines to achieve meta search approach. Multiple search engine for the user query and aggregate those result in one single space and then performing two stages crawling on that data or Urls. In which the sight locating and in-site exploring is done f or achieving most relevant site with the help of page ranking and reverse searching techniques. This system also works online and offline manner

Schwannoma in an accessory branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus: a rare case report

Background: Variation in the posterior cord of the brachial plexus is complicated and creates a risky relationship with the neighbouring structures. This is of importance to the surgeons, anaesthetists who must deal with the region in surgeries and procedures. Moreover, any benign tumour like Schwannoma is rare in the plexus comprising 5 % of total head and neck schwannomas. Methods: We present a case of Schwannoma of the brachial plexus in a cadaver during routine anatomy dissection for the medical students. The origin and order of branching of the posterior cord were recorded and photographs were taken. The tumour was present in an accessory branch of the posterior cord and removal was made in-toto. An immunohistochemistry study was done for confirmation of diagnosis. Results: The classical branching of the posterior cord was present. Additionally, a branch existed that was supplying the triceps muscle and emerged directly from the posterior cord. Tumour having the dimension of 2 x 1.8x 0.5 cm was present. Conclusions: Schwannomas are indolent but may cause compression of the nerve and resulting neurological symptoms. They might mimic nodules of supraclavicular fossa in breast carcinoma. Variations of the brachial plexus can also make the surgeons confused during surgery due to which anatomical knowledge of the possible variations is important. Pre- and Post-operative complications can be easily predicted from it. Follow-up of the tumour is essential to track its progress and differentiation

Variable Scintillation Arcs of Millisecond Pulsars observed with the Large European Array for Pulsars

We present the first large sample of scintillation arcs in millisecond pulsars, analysing 12 sources observed with the Large European Array for Pulsars (LEAP), and the Effelsberg 100\,m telescope. We estimate the delays from multipath propagation, measuring significant correlated changes in scattering timescales over a 10-year timespan. Many sources show compact concentrations of power in the secondary spectrum, which in PSRs J0613$-$0200 and J1600$-$3053 can be tracked between observations, and are consistent with compact scattering at fixed angular positions. Other sources such as PSRs J1643$-$1224 and J0621+1002 show diffuse, asymmetric arcs which are likely related to phase-gradients across the scattering screen. PSR B1937+21 shows at least three distinct screens which dominate at different times and evidence of varying screen axes or multi-screen interactions. We model annual and orbital arc curvature variations in PSR J0613$-$0200, providing a measurement of the longitude of ascending node, resolving the sense of the orbital inclination, where our best fit model is of a screen with variable axis of anisotropy over time, corresponding to changes in the scattering of the source. Unmodeled variations of the screen's axis of anisotropy are likely to be a limiting factor in determining orbital parameters with scintillation, requiring careful consideration of variable screen properties, or independent VLBI measurements. Long-term scintillation studies such as this serve as a complementary tool to pulsar timing, to measure a source of correlated noise for pulsar timing arrays, solve pulsar orbits, and to understand the astrophysical origin of scattering screens.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, first revision. 18 pages, 16 figure