Perception of neighborhood crime and drugs Increases cardiometabolic risk in Chilean adolescents

PURPOSE: Studies report an association between neighborhood risk and both obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMR) among adolescents. Here we describe the effect of perceived neighborhood risk on adiposity and CMR among Chilean adolescents. METHODS: Participants were 523 low- to middle-income Chilean adolescents. We assessed neighborhood risk in early adolescence, adiposity in childhood and in early and later adolescence, and blood pressure and fasting glucose in later adolescence. Neighborhood risk profiles were estimated using latent profile analysis (LPA) and based on reported perceptions of crime and drug sales/use. Using linear and logistic regression, we examined the effect of neighborhood risk on adiposity and CMR. RESULTS: Mean age in early and later adolescence was 14 and 17 years, respectively. Participants were 52% male, with a mean BMI z-score of .67, and 8% met criteria for metabolic syndrome. LPA identified two neighborhood profiles: 61% low risk and 39% high risk. In later adolescence, being in the high risk profile predicted a higher BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio, and fat mass index (p < .05). Adolescents in the high risk profile had three times greater odds of meeting criteria for metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 5.8) compared with those in the low risk profile. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that there are physiological responses to living in a neighborhood perceived as "risky," which may contribute to obesity and CMR even in adolescence. For Chilean neighborhoods with high crime and drugs, targeted public health interventions and policies for youth could be beneficial.This research was funded by R01HL088530 (NIH-NHLBI, PI: Gahagan); R01HD33487 (NIH-NICHD, PIs: Lozoff and Gahagan); R01DA021181 (NIH-NIDA, PI: Delva). The first author acknowledges D. Eastern Kang Sim for his support. All authors would like to thank the study participants for their on-going commitment to the project. (R01HL088530 - NIH-NHLBI; R01HD33487 - NIH-NICHD; R01DA021181 - NIH-NIDA

Mechanisms linking childhood weight status to metabolic risk in adolescence

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic disease.ObjectiveTo examine potential metabolic pathways linking childhood weight status to adolescent IR and metabolic risk.MethodsParticipants were 600 low‐ to middle‐income Chilean adolescents from a cohort studied since infancy as part of an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial and follow‐up study. We examined body mass index z‐score at 10 y (BMIz‐10y) and blood pressure, total fat, and fasting glucose, adiponectin to leptin ratio (A:L), ghrelin, and HOMA‐IR at 16 y. A total count for metabolic risk factors (MRF) was calculated using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. We used path analysis to estimate pathways and model indirect effects from BMIz‐10y, controlling for child age and sex and maternal body mass index (BMI).ResultsParticipants were 54% male; mean BMIz‐10y of 0.53 (SD = 1.02); mean MRF of 1.3 (SD = 0.9); mean HOMA‐IR of 1.8 (SD = 1.3). Path analysis showed that BMIz‐10y directly and indirectly related to increased MRF via A:L and HOMA‐IR. Ghrelin was not in the metabolic pathway from BMIz‐10y to MRF but was related to MRF via HOMA‐IR.ConclusionThese results elucidate metabolic pathways involving child weight status, IR and metabolic risk in adolescents. Childhood BMI was an indirect risk factor for adolescent cardiometabolic risk via several pathways that involved BMI, appetite hormones, markers of inflammation, and insulin resistance during adolescence. Findings illustrate the adverse effect that childhood obesity has on adolescent health outcomes, which sets precedence for health outcomes over the life course.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154250/1/pedi12972_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154250/2/pedi12972.pd

Low bone mineral density in a cohort of normal, overweight and obese Chilean adolescents

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/88121/1/j.1365-2702.2011.03959.x.pd

BMI Trajectories from Birth to 23 Years by Cardiometabolic Risks in Young Adulthood

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154617/1/oby22754_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154617/2/oby22754-sup-0001-FigS1-S2.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154617/3/oby22754.pd

Sensitive Periods for Psychosocial Risk in Childhood and Adolescence and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Greater psychosocial risk in childhood and adolescence predicts poorer cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood. We assessed whether the timing of psychosocial risk from infancy through adolescence predicts cardiometabolic outcomes in young adulthood. Young adults and their mothers participated in a longitudinal study beginning in infancy in Santiago, Chile (N = 1040). At infancy, 5 years, 10 years, and adolescence, mothers reported on depressive symptoms, stressful experiences, support for child development in the home, father absence, parental education, and socioeconomic status (SES) to create a psychosocial risk composite at each time point. Young adults (52.1% female; 21–27 years) provided fasting serum samples and participated in anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) assessments, including a dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan for measuring body fat. Greater infant psychosocial risk was associated with a greater young adult metabolic syndrome score (β = 0.07, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.01 to 0.13, p = 0.02), a higher body mass index and waist circumference composite (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.13, p = 0.002), and a higher body fat (DXA) composite (β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.12, p = 0.02). No psychosocial risk measure from any time point was associated with BP. Infant psychosocial risk predicted cardiometabolic outcomes in young adulthood better than psychosocial risk at 5 years, 10 years, or adolescence, mean of psychosocial risk from infancy through adolescence, and maximum of psychosocial risk at any one time. Consistent with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease model, findings suggest that infancy is a sensitive period for psychosocial risk leading to poorer cardiometabolic outcomes in young adulthood

Структурні виклики в системі виробництва та зовнішньої торгівлі для України: європейська інтеграція чи її імітація

The article is devoted to the content of the principle of comparative advantage in the country's production system and foreign trade and its key role in the early stages of implementation of the Agreement on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the European Union. The assessment methodology of commodity and sectoral revealed comparative advantage of the country's foreign trade in relationship with factors of natural comparative advantage in production is presented. The structural analysis of Ukraine’s foreign trade with the world and extra with the EU-28 is conducted, including estimation of trade openness degree of commodity production sectors, FDI and also Ukraine’s commodity and sectoral revealed comparative advantages /their absence. The main indicators of Ukrainian commodity production by sector (economic activity) are calculated. The data set of parameters and characteristics of commodity production by sectors and the results of foreign trade are constructed. The statistic relationship between Ukraine’s commodity production indicators and foreign trade results for world and extra for the EU-28 are found. The degree of optimum for trade model between Ukraine and the EU at the start of implementation of the Agreement on free trade area is estimated. Proposals to strengthen the commodity production and trade relations optimality for Ukraine with EU are given

A novel research definition of bladder health in women and girls: Implications for research and public health promotion

BACKGROUND:Bladder health in women and girls is poorly understood, in part, due to absence of a definition for clinical or research purposes. This article describes the process used by a National Institutes of Health funded transdisciplinary research team (The Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms [PLUS] Consortium) to develop a definition of bladder health. METHODS:The PLUS Consortium identified currently accepted lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and outlined elements of storage and emptying functions of the bladder. Consistent with the World Health Organization's definition of health, PLUS concluded that absence of LUTS was insufficient and emphasizes the bladder's ability to adapt to short-term physical, psychosocial, and environmental challenges for the final definition. Definitions for subjective experiences and objective measures of bladder dysfunction and health were drafted. An additional bioregulatory function to protect against infection, neoplasia, chemical, or biologic threats was proposed. RESULTS:PLUS proposes that bladder health be defined as: "A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being related to bladder function and not merely the absence of LUTS. Healthy bladder function permits daily activities, adapts to short-term physical or environmental stressors, and allows optimal well-being (e.g., travel, exercise, social, occupational, or other activities)." Definitions for each element of bladder function are reported with suggested subjective and objective measures. CONCLUSIONS:PLUS used a comprehensive transdisciplinary process to develop a bladder health definition. This will inform instrument development for evaluation of bladder health promotion and prevention of LUTS in research and public health initiatives

Ferritin levels throughout childhood and metabolic syndrome in adolescence

© 2019 The Italian Society of Diabetology, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II UniversityBackground and aim: Increased ferritin levels have been widely associated with cardiovascular risk in adults. Whether ferritin levels and their changes during childhood are related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) at adolescence is unknown. We aimed to evaluate these associations using levels of ferritin at 5, 10 and 16 years and their linear increases and patterns of sustained increased levels across childhood. Methods and results: There were four samples evaluated according to non-missing values for study variables at each stage (5 years: 562; 10 years: 381; and 16 years: 567 children; non-missing values at any stage: 379). MetS risk was evaluated as a continuous Z score. Patterns of sustained increased ferritin (highest tertile) and slope of the change of ferritin per year acro

Revisiting the spectrum of bladder health: Relationships between lower urinary tract symptoms and multiple measures of well-being

Background: Little research to date has investigated the spectrum of bladder health in women, including both bladder function and well-being. Therefore, we expanded our previous baseline analysis of bladder health in the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey to incorporate several additional measures of bladder-related well-being collected at the 5-year follow-up interview, including one developed specifically for women. Methods: At follow-up, participants reported their frequency of 15 lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), degree of life impact from and thought related to urinary symptoms or pelvic/bladder pain/discomfort, and perception of their bladder condition. Prevalence ratios were calculated by generalized linear models with robust variance estimation, adjusting for LUTS risk factors and individual LUTS. The BACH Survey was approved by the New England Research Institutes Institutional Review Board and all participants provided written informed consent. Results: Generally similar findings were observed in the 5-year cross-sectional analysis as at baseline, irrespective of how we categorized LUTS or measured bladder-related well-being. Approximately one in five women (16.2%-18.0% of 2527 eligible women) reported no LUTS and no diminished bladder-related well-being, the majority (55.8%-65.7%) reported some LUTS and/or diminished well-being, and a further one in five (16.9%-26.6%) reported the maximum frequency, number, or degree of LUTS and/or diminished well-being. Measures of storage function (urinating again after &lt;2 hours, perceived frequency, nocturia, incontinence, and urgency) and pain were independently associated with bladder-related well-being. Conclusions: Our similar distribution of bladder health and consistent associations between LUTS and bladder-related well-being across multiple measures of well-being, including a female-specific measure, lend confidence to the concept of a bladder health spectrum and reinforce the bothersome nature of storage dysfunction and pain