6 research outputs found
Le péage urbain de Stockholm : aujourd'hui accepté par la population malgré une implantation mouvementée ?
Le XXe siĂšcle est sans conteste un tournant dans lâhistoire des mobilitĂ©s individuelles. Lâexplosion de lâutilisation de la voiture permit aux individus de se dĂ©placer toujours plus loin et plus vite. Sa dĂ©mocratisation dĂ©buta en 1903 avec la crĂ©ation de la Ford Motor Company qui avait pour ambition de fabriquer des automobiles Ă la chaĂźne, comprenant quâellesdeviendraient un produit de masse incontournable. Effectivement, elles le furent. Alors quâon ne comptait que 25000 voitures en circulation en 1907, ce chiffre sâenvola pour atteindre les 50 millions de vĂ©hicules en 1938, 300 millions en 1975 et 1 milliard en 2010. Cette hausse exponentielle est toutefois source de problĂ©matiques et dâenjeux du premier ordre en ce dĂ©but du XXIe siĂšcle. Tout dâabord, nous estimons que nous serons face Ă une pĂ©nurie de pĂ©trole dâici 2050. Les dĂ©couvertes de nouveaux gisements se font rares et les anciens se tarissent toujours plus vite, dĂ» Ă des mĂ©thodes dâextraction de plus en plus efficaces. De plus, au dĂ©but du siĂšcle, les compagnies de pĂ©trole des pays industrialisĂ©s de lâOPEP ont revu leurs rĂ©serves Ă la baisse. Ces annonces nâaugurent rien de bon, deviennent sources de conflits et engendrent une forte et continue hausse gĂ©nĂ©rale du prix du baril de pĂ©trole. Lâutilisation du pĂ©trole est par ailleurs nocive pour lâenvironnement. Tout vĂ©hicule fonctionnant avec cette Ă©nergie fossile Ă©met des gaz Ă effet de serre. Or, leur concentration dans lâatmosphĂšre terrestre est Ă lâorigine du rĂ©chauffement climatique. Ces Ă©missions sont trĂšs Ă©levĂ©es dans les grandes mĂ©tropoles occidentales et leur agglomĂ©ration. Lâusage de la voiture est en effet trĂšs frĂ©quent pour les trajets centre/pĂ©riphĂ©rie. Cette sur-prĂ©sence de lâautomobile sur de tels territoires est pourtant gĂ©nĂ©ratrice de congestion, phĂ©nomĂšne Ă endiguer. Le pĂ©age urbain apparaĂźt alors comme un outil de rĂ©gulation de la circulation pouvant influer sur la congestion, lâenvironnement, et qui pousse la population Ă utiliser des moyens de transports « verts ». La SuĂšde est un pays qui attache beaucoup dâimportance Ă lâefficacitĂ© de son rĂ©seau de transports routiers et ferrĂ©s, ainsi quâau respect de lâenvironnement. Afin de combiner ces deux aspects et de combattre la congestion qui Ă©touffe lâaccĂšs et la circulation dans le centre-ville, un pĂ©age urbain est mis en place en 2006, telle une sorte de bouclier protĂ©geant la zone centrale de la capitale. Toutefois, son implantation ne fut pas Ă©vidente et engendra de vifs dĂ©saccords entre les politiciens, ainsi quâentre la population qui Ă©tait rĂ©ticente et les politiciens qui nâavaient plus le choix. Les premiers rĂ©sultats furent concluants mais, quelle est la place de la population dans la mise en place dâun tel dispositif ? Les mĂ©dias, basĂ©s sur certaines Ă©tudes menĂ©es avant 2007, annoncent que la majeure partie de la population est favorable au pĂ©age. Cette conclusion est-elle toujours dâactualitĂ© en 2012 ? LâexpĂ©rience personnelle quâont pu se forger les habitants du ComtĂ© de Stockholm nâaurait-elle pas pu faire flancher la majoritĂ© vers un avis dĂ©favorable ? Voici les hypothĂšses qui sâouvrent Ă nous. Elles prennent en compte le fait que les individus sont rationnels, quâils peuvent construire leur opinion Ă plus long terme, grĂące Ă lâacquisition dâune expĂ©rience personnelle et suivant les adaptations quâils peuvent trouver Ă la taxe. Dans un premier temps, nous allons nous arrĂȘter sur lâimplantation houleuse du pĂ©age stockholmois, sur ses caractĂ©ristiques ainsi que sur les moyens de rabattements envisagĂ©s Ă la voiture. Puis, Ă lâaide dâune enquĂȘte de terrain qualitative datant de 2012 et dâune Ă©tude quantitative de 2010, nous Ă©tudierons plus particuliĂšrement lâacceptabilitĂ© de la population vis-Ă -vis du pĂ©age cinq ans aprĂšs son implĂ©mentation
Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate regulates oxysterol binding protein-related protein 11 dependent sterol trafficking
Bis(Monoacylglycero) Phosphate (BMP) is a unique phospholipid localized in late endosomes, a critical cellular compartment in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol metabolism. In previous work, we demonstrated the important role of BMP in the regulation of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. BMP exerts a protective role against the pro-apoptotic effect of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) by reducing the production of deleterious oxysterols. As the intracellular sterol traffic in macrophages is in part regulated by oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs), we investigated the role of ORP11, localized at the Golgi-late endosomes interface, in the BMP-mediated protection from oxLDL/oxysterol cytotoxicity. Stably silencing of ORP11 in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages via a shRNA lentiviruses system had no effect on BMP production. However, ORP11 knockdown abrogated the protective action of BMP against oxLDL induced apoptosis. In oxLDL treated control cells, BMP enrichment was associated with reduced generation of 7-oxysterols, while these oxysterol species were abundant in the ORP11 knock-down cells. Of note, BMP enrichment in ORP11 knock-down cells was associated with a drastic increase in free cholesterol and linked to a decrease of cholesterol efflux. The expression of ATP-binding cassette-transporter G1 (ABCG1) was also reduced in the ORP11 knock-down cells. These observations demonstrate a cooperative function of OPR11 and BMP, in intracellular cholesterol trafficking in cultured macrophages. We suggest that BMP favors the egress of cholesterol from late endosomes via an ORP11-dependent mechanism, resulting in a reduced production of cytotoxic 7-oxysterols.Peer reviewe
Pathogenic variants in actionable MODY genes are associated with type 2 diabetes
Genome-wide association studies have identified 240 independent loci associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, but this knowledge has not advanced precision medicine. In contrast, the genetic diagnosis of monogenic forms of diabetes (including maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)) are textbook cases of genomic medicine. Recent studies trying to bridge the gap between monogenic diabetes and T2D have been inconclusive. Here, we show a significant burden of pathogenic variants in genes linked with monogenic diabetes among people with common T2D, particularly in actionable MODY genes, thus implying that there should be a substantial change in care for carriers with T2D. We show that, among 74,629 individuals, this burden is probably driven by the pathogenic variants found in GCK, and to a lesser extent in HNF4A, KCNJ11, HNF1B and ABCC8. The carriers with T2D are leaner, which evidences a functional metabolic effect of these mutations. Pathogenic variants in actionable MODY genes are more frequent than was previously expected in common T2D. These results open avenues for future interventions assessing the clinical interest of these pathogenic mutations in precision medicine
Loss-of-function mutations in MRAP2 are pathogenic in hyperphagic obesity with hyperglycemia and hypertension
International audienceThe G-protein-coupled receptor accessory protein MRAP2 is implicated in energy control in rodents, notably via the melanocortin-4 receptor1. Although some MRAP2 mutations have been described in people with obesity1-3, their functional consequences on adiposity remain elusive. Using large-scale sequencing of MRAP2 in 9,418 people, we identified 23 rare heterozygous variants associated with increased obesity risk in both adults and children. Functional assessment of each variant shows that loss-of-function MRAP2 variants are pathogenic for monogenic hyperphagic obesity, hyperglycemia and hypertension. This contrasts with other monogenic forms of obesity characterized by excessive hunger, including melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency, that present with low blood pressure and normal glucose tolerance4. The pleiotropic metabolic effect of loss-of-function mutations in MRAP2 might be due to the failure of different MRAP2-regulated G-protein-coupled receptors in various tissues including pancreatic islets