New and interesting lichen records from the Ural Mountains, Russia

Ten species of lichenized ascomycetes are reported from the Urals. Aspicilia spermatomanes, Fuscidea praeruptorum, Lepra excludens, L. monogona, Metamelanea caesiella and Pertusaria amarescens are new to Russia while Bryobilimbia ahlesii, Lecanora orosthea, L. rouxii and Tephromela grumosa are new for the Urals. Our records considerably extend the ranges or fill gaps in the formerly disjunctive distributions of these species. The morphology, secondary chemistry and ecology of the species are discussed.

Vocabulary of Political Discourse at the English Lessons

Teaching English is based on the development and improvement of lexical skills, the appropriate use of words, phrases, idioms that are most suitable for describing a particular situation. Understanding words and expressions allows us to convey the meaning of our intentions in the process of communication. The goal of a teacher of a foreign language is to gradually expand the vocabulary of the student and activate the studied vocabulary by organizing a system of exercises that stimulate communicative expressions. «The secondary language personality is viewed by modern linguistics as abilities to communicate in foreign languages. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of that conclusion for the process of teaching a foreign language as it assumes basic distinctions in the choice of teaching methods for various groups of language learners». One of the major problems in learning English is listening comprehension. This problem is faced not only by beginners, but also people with a high level of knowledge. One of the effective teaching methods is to include video materials in the learning process at the English lessons

Development of an approach to automatic test generation based on the graph model of a cache hierarchy

Verification of the cache hierarchy in modern SoCs due to the large state space requires a huge amount of complex tests. To cover the entire state space of the cache memory hierarchy graph model is proposed. The generation of tests based on this model, whose vertices (V) are the set of states (tags, values, etc.) of each cache and the edges (E) are the many transitions between states (instructions for reading, writing). Thus a graph model is constructed that describes all the states of the cache memory hierarchy. Each edge in the graph is a separate verification sequence. Vector-block operation with memory is provided. The approach described in the paper showed a good result when checking the hierarchy of the multiport cache memory of the developed kernel with the new vector VLIW DSP architecture, revealing several architectural and functional errors. Further, this approach will be applied to test other processor cores and their blocks

Факторы формирования типов финансового поведения экономических субъектов

The research is focused on determining the factors influencing the formation of the types of financial behavior of economic entities. Determining the types of economic entities’ financial behavior is necessary for implementing state economic policy measures. The subject of the study is the types of financial behavior reflecting the propensity of an economic entity to perform economic operations. Entities may exhibit active, adaptive, and reactive financial behaviors. The purpose of the work is to determine the key factors that influence the formation of types of financial behavior of economic entities. The study suggests that the formation of financial behavior types is caused by the influence of human, social and financial capital. The formation of financial behavior types is influenced by the basic characteristics associated with age, perception of the external environment, etc. The significance of certain factors is assessed using statistical analysis. The combination of these factors has a different impact on the formation of the type of financial behavior of an economic entity, but they can be significant under certain external conditions related to the economic situation. Because of the significance of individual factors, all economic entities form ‘yadernye’ (core) groups demonstrating a certain type of financial behavior, as well as groups of entities that change the type of financial behavior depending on the influence of the external environment. The change in financial behavior types is associated with a change in the strength of the impact of various factors that need to be considered in the dynamics. Entities with an active type of financial behavior, whose actions transform the external environment and stimulate other categories of entities to commit economic actions, are of significant interest for the analysis. The latter is especially actual for the financial market when entities with a reactive type of behavior under the influence of the information background commit rash actions leading them to financial losses. Based on the available sociological data, the study examines the main factors that lead to the formation of an active type of financial behavior. As a result of the construction of the econometric model, the authors conclude that the amount of available funds, the age of the respondent, the level of professional competence have a significant impact on the formation of an active type of financial behavior.Исследование ориентировано на выявление факторов, влияющих на формирование типов финансового поведения экономических субъектов. Определение типов финансового поведения экономических субъектов необходимо для принятия решений государственными органами при разработке мер экономической политики. Предметом исследования являются типы финансового поведения, отражающие склонность экономического субъекта к совершению хозяйственных операций. В своей деятельности субъекты могут демонстрировать активный, адаптивный и реактивный типы финансового поведения. Целью работы является определение ключевых факторов, влияющих на формирование типов финансового поведения экономических субъектов. Авторы выдвигают предположение, что формирование типов финансового поведения обусловлено воздействием человеческого, социального и финансового капиталов. Также на формирование типов финансового поведения оказывают воздействие базовые характеристики, связанные с возрастом, восприятием внешней среды и т.д. Оценка значимости определенных факторов проводится с помощью статистических методов анализа. Совокупность указанных факторов в конкретный момент времени имеет различное воздействие на формирование типа финансового поведения экономического субъекта, однако они могут быть значимыми при определенных внешних условиях, связанных с экономической ситуацией. Из-за существования различий в значимости отдельных факторов все экономические субъекты образуют «ядерные» группы, демонстрирующие определенный тип финансового поведения, а также группы субъектов, которые меняют тип финансового поведения в зависимости от влияния внешней среды. Изменение типов финансового поведения связано с изменением силы воздействия различных факторов, которые необходимо учитывать в динамике. Существенный интерес для анализа представляют субъекты с активным типом финансового поведения, чьи действия трансформируют внешнюю среду и стимулируют другие категории субъектов к совершению экономических действий. Последнее особенно ощущается на финансовом рынке, когда субъекты с реактивным типом финансового поведения под воздействием информационного фона совершают необдуманные действия, приводящие их к потере дохода. На основе доступных социологических данных рассмотрены основные факторы, формирующие активный тип финансового поведения. В результате построения эконометрической модели сделан вывод, что объем доступных денежных средств, возраст респондента, уровень профессиональной компетенции оказывают существенное воздействие на формирование активного типа финансового поведения

Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the tixagevimab and cilgavimab combination using for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19

Aim. To evaluate pharmacoeconomic feasibility using of the tixagevimab and cilgavimab combination for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients. Materials and methods. Cost-effectiveness of tixagevimab and cilgavimab in persons 12 years old who weigh 40 kg and have either a history of allergy that prevents their vaccination against COVID-19 or moderate or immunocompromised was assessed based on PROVENT phase III study results. The quantity of life years or quality-adjusted life years gained was calculated. Direct medical cost associated with prophylaxis of COVID-19, treatment of infected patients and those experiencing long COVID post infection were assessed. Results were compared with wiliness-to-pay threshold, measured as tripled gross domestic product per capita and equal to 2.69 mln RUB in 2022. Results. Pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 results in additional 0.0287 life years or 0.0247 quality-adjusted life years. The cost of additional life year gained is equal to 1.12 mln RUB, the cost of additional quality-adjusted life years is 1.30 mln RUB. Both costs of additional life year and cost of quality-adjusted life years appeared to be significantly less compared to wiliness-to-pay threshold. Conclusion. Pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 with combination of tixagevimab and cilgavimab is economically feasible and may be recommended for wide use in Russian healthcare system

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF URBAN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE BASED ON DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

The need to improve the efficiency of transport infrastructure, which is an important subsystem of urban services as a determinant of the quality of life of the city’s population, has been substantiated. The factors that determine the quality of the urban transport system, the features of urban transport have been highlighted. Transport infrastructure development in Russia has been analysed. It has been proved that in the conditions of the formation of the digital economy, artificial intelligence systems are an effective tool for decision-making. In the formation of intelligent systems for managing urban transport flows, the use of network models has been proposed, for which mathematical methods are necessary to obtain not only point, but also interval estimates of the model parameters, taking into account a priori uncertainty

New and rare lichens and allied fungi from the Novgorod Region, Russia

44 species of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and non-lichenized fungi are reported from the Novgorod Region, 34 of them are new to the region. Leptogium biatorinum is new to European Russia. Nephromopsis laureri is red-listed in Russian Federation and should be included in the Red Data Book of the Novgorod Region. Most noteworthy records are briefly discussed. Two species – Collema callopismum and Hertelidea botryosa – are excluded from the lichen list of the Novgorod Region

Estimation and forecast of regional competitiveness level

The paper is devoted to the development of methods for point and interval forecasting of the integral index of regional competitiveness. We stick to one of the most commonly used approaches to assessing the level of competitiveness based on its advantages over the others. As a result of this approach, the integral competitiveness index appears to be bounded, i.e. has a lower and upper limit. Due to this particular feature, it is proposed to carry out the forecasting of competitiveness index using multivariate logistic regression. The parameters of such model are determined using OLS through an inverse logarithmic transformation of the dependent variable. To calculate interval forecasts for the model, we proposed a new probability distribution for the errors of the nonlinear regression equation in the class of logistic curves. According to the proposed method, we calculated and forecasted the regional competitiveness level for the Russian Federation until 2020. The analysis of the data revealed some features of the regions distribution in terms of competitiveness level and indicated regional development trends. The paper has been prepared within the research project No 1675: "Methodological and analytical tools for solving problems of spatial development of Russian economy under conditions of modern reforms" in terms of the basic part of the state order in the field of scientific activity of Russian Ministry of Education. © Copyright 2005-2016 Institute of Economics, the Ural branch of the RAS. All rights reserved