Tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan dalam perspektif hukum Islam: studi kasus di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep

Skripsi dengan judul “Tradisi Panangat Pra Nikah Oleh Wali Perempuan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam (Studi Kasus di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: 1. Bagaimana tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan dalam di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep? 2. Bagaimana analisis hukum Islam terhadap tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep? Jenis penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode penelitian lapangan, yaitu sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan secara langsung terhadap peristiwa data-data ada di lapangan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah wawancara. Setelah data terkumpul, maka penulis melakukan analisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Dari data-data yang telah diperoleh, pemberian panangat ini telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat Desa Sadulang sudah menjadi turun-temurun sejak dahulu sampai sekarang. Pemberian panangat di Desa Sadulang merupakan sebagai syarat wajibnya sebelum melaksanakan perkawinan. Adapun tujuannya adalah untuk menghormati atau menghargai wanita yang ingin dinikahi. Proses penentuan panangat tersebut dilakukan dengan cara musyawarah antara pihak laki-laki dengan pihak perempuan, sehingga setelah ada kata sepakat maka perkawinan akan dilangsungkan. Menurut analisis hukum Islam, adat tentang pemberian panangat ada dua yaitu: 1. Di bolehkan selama permintaan panangat tidak memberatkan. 2. Tidak boleh jika permintaan panangat mempersulit atau memberatkan, karena hal itu sangat bertentangan dengan syariat Islam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas hendaknya pemberian panangat di Desa Sadulang yang diminta oleh pihak perempuan tidak memberatkan pihak lika-laki, sehingga bagi pemuda yang ingin menyempurnakan separuh agamanya yaitu menikah bisa melangsungkannya, jangan sampai gara-gara permintaan panangat yang terlalu tinggi bisa menghalangi niat baik seseorang yang ingin menikah. Kepada para tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat hendaknya memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat Desa Sadulang tentang pelaksanaan panangat yang tidak bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam, karena pada dasarnya masyarakat Desa Sadulang 100% (seratus persen) beragama Islam. Sehingga adat yang berlaku harus sesuai dengan ajaran Islam

Additional file 1 of Genome-wide analysis of chemically induced mutations in mouse in phenotype-driven screens

Main supplemental file. Additional figures and tables. (PDF 1720 kb

Additional file 2 of Genome-wide analysis of chemically induced mutations in mouse in phenotype-driven screens

Genes potentially not covered by germ line ENU approaches. MGI names and location of genes overlapping H3K27me3 histone marks, which are considered closed genomic areas and hence potentially not targeted by ENU mutations that need to be passed on through the germ line. (TXT 379 kb

Generation of edited mouse blastocyst using NgAgo and CRISPR/Cas9.

<p>Generation of edited mouse blastocyst using NgAgo and CRISPR/Cas9.</p

No evidence for double strand break cleavage and editing from NgAgo.

<p>(A) DNA sequence indicating the locus targeted for the exon 26 of <i>Sptb</i>. The gDNA sequence is indicated in red. (B) Gel electrophoresis (1.5%) of <i>Sptb</i> blastocysts (n = 6) co-injected with nls-NgAgo-GK plasmid (2.5 ng/μl) and 2.5 ng/μl of gDNA. C57BL/6 DNA (B6) was also amplified as a control. The PCR product is 326 bp. (C) T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1) assay on the <i>Sptb</i> blastocysts indicating the absence of heteroduplexes suggesting indels in 6 blastocysts co-injected with nls-NgAgo-GK and gDNA. C57BL/6 (B6) non-edited control DNA was utilized as a negative control. A positive control in mouse zygotes edited with CRISPR/Cas9 was used as a positive control. The arrows indicate the presence of heteroduplexes suggesting a successful editing of the DNA. (D) Representative chromatogram of one <i>Sptb</i> blastocyst (#5) suggesting no editing of the DNA under the DNA-guided NgAgo. (E) Schematic diagram representing the flag-nls-NgAgo-GK plasmid. The expression of NgAgo is driven from a CMV promoter. A Flag tag was inserted in the 5’ end of NgAgo sequence. Two Sv40 nuclear localization signals were inserted in the 3’ end of the NgAgo sequence and in the 3’ end of the flag tag. A Ploy A tail was appended to the sequence in the 3’ end a Neomycin cassette was added in the 3’ end of the plasmid sequence. (F) DNA sequence indicating the targeting of the exon 3 from EMX1 human sequence. The gDNA sequence is indicated in red. (G) Gel electrophoresis (2%) of the PCR for EMX1 in HEK293T cells at 8 and 12 hours post lipofection. The control samples were: The DNA without transfection, the lipofection reagent (LTX) and EMX1 DNA. The HEK293T cells were transfected with NgAgo alone, EMX1 gDNA alone or co-transfected with NgAgo and EMX1 gDNA. A control DNA was successfully edited with CRISPR/Cas9 (+ Cas9 control) and was utilized as a negative control (- Cas9 control). The top electrophoresis gel respresents the PCR only whereas the bottom gel represents the T7E1 assay. The arrows indicate the formation of heteroduplexes for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. (H) Western blot of NgAgo protein production with and without the co-transfection of the gDNA from 8 to 48 hours post lipofection. The staining was performed with a monoclonal Flag anti-antibody and anti-GAPDH anti-antibody. The top band represents NgAgo at 103KDa. GAPDH was utilized as a Housekeeper gene. The exposure time was 30 seconds. The controls were the lipefection agent alone (LTX), lane 1 and the gDNA EMX1 alone (lane 2). The smears under the NgAgo band show the degradation of the protein stained with the Flag tag.</p

Generation of knockout mice using NgAgo and CRISPR/Cas9.

<p>Generation of knockout mice using NgAgo and CRISPR/Cas9.</p

List of oligonucleotides used in this study.

<p>List of oligonucleotides used in this study.</p

No evidence for genome editing in mouse zygotes and HEK293T human cell line using the DNA-guided <i>Natronobacterium gregoryi</i> Argonaute (NgAgo)

<div><p>A recently published research article reported that the extreme halophile archaebacterium <i>Natronobacterium gregoryi</i> Argonaute enzyme (NgAgo) could cleave the cellular DNA under physiological temperature conditions in cell line and be implemented as an alternative to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. We assessed this claim in mouse zygotes for four loci (<i>Sptb</i>, <i>Tet-1</i>, <i>Tet-2</i> and <i>Tet-3</i>) and in the human HEK293T cell line for the EMX1 locus. Over 100 zygotes were microinjected with nls-NgAgo-GK plasmid provided from Addgene and various concentrations of 5’-phosphorylated guide DNA (gDNA) from 2.5 ng/μl to 50 ng/μl and cultured to blastocyst stage of development. The presence of indels was verified using T7 endonuclease 1 assay (T7E1) and Sanger sequencing. We reported no evidence of successful editing of the mouse genome. We then assessed the lack of editing efficiency in HEK293T cell line for the EMX1 endogenous locus by monitoring the NgAgo protein expression level and the editing efficiency by T7E1 assay and Sanger sequencing. We reported that the NgAgo protein was expressed from 8 hours to a maximum expression at 48 hours post-transfection, confirming the efficient delivery of the plasmid and the gDNA but no evidence of successful editing of EMX1 target in all transfected samples. Together our findings indicate that we failed to edit using NgAgo.</p></div

The effects of BBMQ washout treatment on the cytocidal action of CQ.

<p>(A) Representative data of the percentage of infected red cells categorized according to parasite stage or growth-arrested appearance after 24 hours incubation with different concentrations of CQ. Red cells were either pretreated with BBMQ, or not treated (control), and then infected with purified trophozoites and allowed to invade and grow for 12 hours. (B) Analysis of the data in (A) with respect to proportions of mature 3D7 parasites (as a function of all parasitized cells) present in cultures after 24 hours incubation. IC₅₀ values for the effect of CQ on parasite maturation were 16.3 nM (control) and 1.4 nM (BBMQ). (C) Photomicrographs of growth-arrested 3D7 parasites following CQ treatment for 24 hours (i–iii), and a healthy trophozoite stage parasite observed at the same time point in a control culture (iv). (D) Percentage of red cells containing second-generation ring stage parasites after 48 hours incubation with CQ. IC₅₀ values for the effect of CQ on parasite growth with or without BBMQ pretreatment, respectively, were 3D7, 2.3 and 26 nM; K1, 51 and 313 nM. Data in B and D represent the mean (± SEM) of at least two independent experiments performed in duplicate. * indicates p<0.01.</p

Comparing the effects of continuous and washout BBMQ treatment on <i>P. falciparum</i> growth.

<p>Percentage growth inhibition of <i>P. falciparum</i> 3D7 (A) and K1 (B) using continuous or washout BBMQ treatment. Data represent the mean (± SEM) of at least two independent experiments performed in duplicate. * indicates p<0.01.</p