A feasibility analysis of waste heat recovery systems for marine applications

The shipping sector is today facing challenges which require a larger focus on energy efficiency and fuel consumption. In this article, a methodology for performing a feasibility analysis of the installation of a WHR (waste heat recovery) system on a vessel is described and applied to a case study vessel. The method proposes to calculate the amount of energy and exergy available for the WHR systems and to compare it with the propulsion and auxiliary power needs based on available data for ship operational profile. The expected exergy efficiency of the WHR system is used as an independent variable, thus allowing estimating the expected fuel savings when a detailed design of the WHR system is not yet available. The use of the proposed method can guide in the choice of the installation depending on the requirements of the owner in terms of payback time and capital investment. The results of the application of this method to the case study ship suggest that fuel savings of 5%–15% can realistically be expected, depending on the sources of waste heat used and on the expected efficiency of the WHR system

Heat-driven snow production applying ejector and natural refrigerant

An effect of climate change is fewer cold days and less natural snow at lower elevations. This has spurred the interest in temperature independent snow (TIS) production, i.e., refrigeration technologies that can produce snow at ambient temperatures above zero. Commercially available TIS systems require a higher power consumption than conventional systems, i.e., snow lances and guns. Thus, to ensure that future snow-making sites are sustainable, it is necessary to develop solutions with a minimal environmental footprint. One possibility is to utilize surplus heat from industrial processes or from a district heating network to drive snow-making systems. Examples of heat driven refrigeration technologies fit for this purpose are absorption cooling and ejector cooling, both applying natural refrigerants. This paper evaluates a solution for heat driven ejector-based snow making systems: a vacuum ice slurry system using water (R718) as refrigerant. The required amount of driving heat and its required minimum temperature level largely depend on the ejector characteristics. Thus, to enable a proper evaluation, detailed numerical simulations of the ejector design and its efficiency were performed, at different temperature levels of driving heat and ambient temperatures. Results were used as input to estimate the overall performance, in terms of specific energy consumption (per m3 produced snow), compared to other TIS systems. The ejector-based system can be driven by low-grade heat (80 °C) and is shown to be highly efficient if cold cooling water (≤ 10°C) is available.Heat-driven snow production applying ejector and natural refrigerantacceptedVersio

Simultaneous implementation of rotary pressure exchanger and ejectors for CO2 refrigeration system

Natural refrigerant CO2 has become a viable choice for refrigeration units. The CO2 systems are working efficiently on land-based facilities, and their demand is increasing for offshore applications, e.g., cruise ships and fishing vessels, due to their environment-friendly nature and compactness. The investigated application of the CO2 system in this work is a single-stage system for air conditioning and a two-stage system for provision refrigeration at high heat rejection temperatures. The CO2 transcritical cycle allows operating in higher ambient temperatures and in a colder climate with significant heat recovery. However, the system efficiency decreases in higher ambient conditions due to the high-pressure ratio and expansion losses. Therefore, ejectors are implemented to boost the cycle efficiency at high heat rejection temperature conditions. The pressure exchanger (PX) device recently came up and claimed to be an option to recover expansion work in CO2 systems. PX is already in use for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination units to recover pressure work from the high pressure reject concentrate to low-pressure seawater. This work theoretically investigates the implementation of a CO2-PX for transcritical CO2 systems combined with ejectors and compressors. The energy efficiency of alternative system configurations is evaluated for various operating conditions.Simultaneous implementation of rotary pressure exchanger and ejectors for CO2 refrigeration systemacceptedVersio

Innovative refrigeration concept for passenger ships - combining CO2 refrigerant, cold recovery and cold storage

More stringent international regulations on ship's emissions require a shift towards more climate friendly fuels, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG). On LNG-driven ships, the fuel is stored onboard at cryogenic temperature. The fuel must be vaporised before injected into the engine, implying a potential for cold recovery. Today, concepts are commercially available for utilising this surplus cold in conventional AC chiller system. This paper proposes an innovative concept where the LNG cold recovery system is integrated with a provision refrigeration system based on a CO2 booster unit and a cold thermal storage (CTES) due to the dynamic nature of loads and cold-recovery availability. The CTES is based on phase change materials (PCM) which, together with the choice of CO2 as refrigerant, ensures a compact system. The results show a potential for significant reduction in power consumption of the refrigeration systems and thereby contributing to reduced GHG emissions.Innovative refrigeration concept for passenger ships - combining CO2 refrigerant, cold recovery and cold storageacceptedVersio

Investigation of CO2 refrigeration system and thermal energy storage for passenger ships

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Energy consumption of ammonia refrigeration system on board a fishing vessel

When assessing the carbon footprint of seafood from capture fisheries, the fuel use during fishing operation is the major contributor to overall greenhouse gas emissions. While the necessary shift towards low-carbon fuels and advancement in propulsion technology has commenced, also a more efficient use of energy is a key strategy for reduction of the emissions. Furthermore, leakage of high-GWP refrigerants contributes to emissions and a transition towards natural refrigerants (NH3, CO2) is essential. Introducing efficiency measures depends on knowledge of current performance. Due to the wide range of different fishing vessels with different on-board processing equipment and different modes of operation, the performance needs to be evaluated for each fleet segment before proper advise can be given. This paper presents energy measurement results from a research cruise conducted during autumn 2020 on a combined purse seiner/pelagic trawler. The vessel's refrigeration system was instrumented with sensors logging the electrical input to frequency converters (compressors and seawater pumps) and temperatures on the RSW side, while the vessels mode of operation and fuel consumption was logged on a regular basis during the cruise. The results provide insight on the vessel's energy flow, performance of the refrigeration system and fuel intensity of the fishing operation, which gives valuable input for design of efficiency measures.acceptedVersio

Design and optimisation of organic Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery in marine applications using the principles of natural selection

Power cycles using alternative working fluids are currently receiving significant attention. Selection of working fluid among many candidates is a key topic and guidelines have been presented. A general problem is that the selection is based on numerous criteria, such as thermodynamic performance, boundary conditions, hazard levels and environmental concerns. A generally applicable methodology, based on the principles of natural selection, is presented and used to determine the optimum working fluid, boiler pressure and Rankine cycle process layout for scenarios related to marine engine heat recovery. Included in the solution domain are 109 fluids in sub and supercritical processes, and the process is adapted to the properties of the individual fluid. The efficiency losses caused by imposing process constraints are investigated to help propose a suitable process layout. Hydrocarbon dry type fluids in recuperated processes produced the highest efficiencies, while wet and isentropic fluids were superior in non-recuperated processes. The results suggested that at design point, the requirements of process simplicity, low operating pressure and low hazard resulted in cumulative reductions in cycle efficiency. Furthermore, the results indicated that non-flammable fluids were able to produce near optimum efficiency in recuperated high pressure processes

Review of environmental indices in the maritime sector – with focus on heating and cooling systems onboard cruise ships

The objective of the CruiZE project is to develop innovative, integrated and environment-friendly concepts for supplying heating and cooling needs for the hotel facilities on board cruise ships. As in other sectors, there are non-technological barriers which must be addressed to pave the way for implementation of new technology. For example, increased knowledge is needed on the environmental indices that are applied by different stakeholders to assess a ship's environmental performance. In this memo such indices are reviewed, with a focus on cruise ships, and how the heating and cooling systems are addressed. This will form a basis for further work in CruiZE, aiming at suggesting recommendations on how to modify such indices, to encourage the implementation of innovative heating and cooling technologies. Included in the review are compulsory regulatory indices issued by IMO, voluntarily indices offered by classification societies, and indices applied to offer port fee reductions. The review shows that there is a need to adapt these indices to enable a more equitable assessment of new heating and cooling technologiespublishedVersio

KLD HFC free Chiller India : environmental benefits of implementing a CO2 heat pump for combined heating and cooling at Bengaluru centralised school kitchen

Akshaya Patra Foundation is the world’s largest (not-for-profit) Mid-Day Meal Programme operating around 50 centralised kitchens supplying wholesome food to over 1.8 million children at more than 16,000 schools in 12 different states across India. In the project presented in this report, a heat pump using the natural refrigerant CO2 is proposed as an energy-efficient and climate-friendly concept for the centralised kitchen at Bengaluru. The CO2 heat pump does not only replace the HCFC units for space cooling, but also supplies hot water to the cooking process, reducing the steam boiler's fuel consumption. A cold and hot water storage is included to balance the mismatch in cooling and heating demand on a daily basis. The proposed concept offers substantial reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the cooling system (almost 60%). For the total system (cooking process and space cooling) the reduction in energy demand, energy cost and GHG emissions are all above 30%. This clearly shows the possibility for India to efficiently bypass the use of HFCs as temporary replacements for HCFCs, and by that avoiding significant GHG emissions and costly replacement processes. Suggestions for potential future improvements include a roof-top solar power system and a steam producing heat pump using natural refrigerants.publishedVersio