Costa Rica sin Fronteras #26

En esta sección se publican los resúmenes en español de artículos que han sido publicados por investigadoras/es de universidades costarricenses en otras revistas en el mundo, con su debida referencia al trabajo original, y con una breve explicación de dónde se realizó la investigación

PL-016 Endurance training, muscle fibre type composition and the maximal capacity for fat oxidation

Objective A greater capacity for fat oxidation in endurance trained athletes is linked to greater utilisation of intramuscular lipid (IMCL). IMCL breakdown occurs only in type I muscle fibres yet little is known about the fibre type specific abundance of lipid regulatory proteins. We explored the impact of endurance training on the maximal rate fat oxidation, muscle fibre type and muscle fibre type specific abundance of proteins regulating IMCL metabolism. Methods Endurance trained (n=7, 28 ± 3 years, VO2max62.6 ± 1.6 ml·min-1·kg-1) and untrained (n=8, 25 ± 1 years, VO2max44.9 ± 1.9 ml·min-1·kg-1) males performed an incremental exercise test to determine maximal fat oxidation rate. Muscle fibre type composition and fibre type-specific IMCL content was assessed with immunofluorescence microscopy and protein abundance was analysed with immunoblotting on pooled single muscle fibres and whole muscle. Results Endurance trained individuals displayed a higher peak fat oxidation rate (0.49 ± 0.05 vs. 0.20 ± 0.03 g·min-1, P<0.05), which correlated with type I fibre percentage (R = 0.83, P < 0.01) and VO2max (R = 0.78, P < 0.01). Type I muscle fibres from endurance trained individuals had a greater abundance of ATGL. In whole muscle, the endurance trained group had greater abundance of PLIN2, PLIN5 and ATGL compared to the untrained group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, autophagy flux measured as LC3-II/I ratio was higher in type I muscle fibres and LC3-II/I, lysosomal markers (LAMP2) and chaperone-mediated autophagy markers (LAMP2A) were all higher in whole muscle of endurance trained individuals (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results demonstrate that the maximal rate of fat oxidation is related to the proportion of type I muscle fibres. Furthermore, IMCL storage and the abundance of key proteins regulating lipid metabolism is fibre type specific and greater in endurance trained individuals. Muscle fibre type composition should be considered when investigating the regulation of IMCL utilisation and markers of autophagy

Prática física ou mental ou ambas: uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise

Introduction: Previous research has reached positive conclusions regarding the effects of mental practice on performance and learning of a motor skill. The purpose of this study was to use the aggregate data meta-analytic approach to assess the impact of physical practice (PP), mental practice (MP), and the combination of both on acquisition, retention, and transfer tests in motor skill performance. Methodology: Twenty-seven studies published up to 2022 were included by searching six databases. Random effects model using the standardized mean difference effect size (ES) was used to pool results. Results: A total of 42 ES, were calculated and separated into pairwise comparisons for acquisition, retention, and transfer phase. In the acquisition phase, it was found that MP was more effective than no practice (ES=0.508; n=25; CI=0.29,0.72), PP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.78; n=15; CI=0.97,2.60), CP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.16; n=12; CI=0.57,1.75), PP was more effective than MP (ES=-1.16; n=23; CI=-1.88,-0.45), PP had similar results as CP (ES=-0.01; n=16; CI=-0.31,0.28), and CP was more effective than MP (ES=0.61; n=12; CI=0.17,1.04). In the retention phase, it was found that MP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.11; n=5; CI=0.44,1.79), PP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.03; n=4; CI=0.08, 1.99), PP was more effective than MP (ES=-1.29; n=9; CI=-3.12,0.54), PP had similar results as CP (ES=0.16; n=8; CI=-0.29,0.63), CP had similar results as MP (ES=-0.06; n=3; CI=-1.22,1.09). In the transfer phase, it was found that MP was more effective than no practice (ES=1.12; n=5; CI=0.01,1.59), PP had similar results as no practice (ES=0.41; n=5; CI=-0.02,0.85), and PP was more effective than MP (ES=0.50; n=6; CI=0.12,0.87). Age, skill level, type of mental practice, total of sessions, and type of skill were considered as possible moderator variables. Conclusions: Mental practice does not replace physical practice, however, under some conditions, physical practice can be complemented with mental practice.Introducción. Investigaciones anteriores han llegado a conclusiones positivas respecto a los efectos de la práctica mental sobre el rendimiento y el aprendizaje de una destreza motriz. El propósito de este estudio fue utilizar el enfoque meta-analítico de datos agregados para evaluar el impacto de la práctica física (PP), la práctica mental (MP) y la combinación de ambas en las pruebas de adquisición, retención y transferencia en el rendimiento de habilidades motoras. Metodología: Se incluyeron 27 estudios publicados hasta 2022 mediante la búsqueda en seis bases de datos. Se utilizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios utilizando el tamaño del efecto de la diferencia de medias estandarizada (ES) para agrupar los resultados. Resultados: Se calculó un total de 42 ES y se separaron en comparaciones por pares para la fase de adquisición, retención y transferencia. En la fase de adquisición, se observó que MP era más eficaz que no practicar (ES=0,508; n=25; CI=0,29,0,72), PP era más eficaz que no practicar (ES=1.78; n=15; CI=0.97,2.60), CP era más eficaz que no practicar (ES=1.16; n=12; CI=0.57,1.75), PP fue más eficaz que MP (ES=-1.16; n=23; CI=-1.88,-0.45), PP obtuvo resultados similares a CP (ES=-0.01; n=16; CI=-0.31,0.28), y CP fue más eficaz que MP (ES=0.61; n=12; CI=0.17,1.04). En la fase de retención, se observó que MP era más eficaz que no practicar (ES=1.11; n=5; CI=0.44,1.79), PP era más eficaz que no practicar (ES=1.03; n=4; CI=0.08, 1.99), la PP fue más eficaz que la MP (ES=-1.29; n=9; CI=-3.12,0.54), la PP tuvo resultados similares a la PC (ES=0.16; n=8; CI=-0.29,0.63), la PC tuvo resultados similares a la MP (ES=-0.06; n=3; CI=-1.22,1.09). En la fase de transferencia, se observó que la MP era más eficaz que la ausencia de práctica (ES=1.12; n=5; CI=0.01,1.59), la PP tenía resultados similares a la ausencia de práctica (ES=0.41; n=5; CI=-0.02,0.85), y la PP era más eficaz que la MP (ES=0.50; n=6; CI=0.12,0.87). La edad, el nivel de habilidad, el tipo de práctica mental, el total de sesiones y el tipo de habilidad se consideraron posibles variables moderadoras. Conclusiones: La práctica mental no sustituye a la práctica física, sin embargo, en algunas condiciones, la práctica física puede complementarse con la práctica mental.Introdução. Pesquisas anteriores chegaram a conclusões positivas sobre os efeitos da prática mental no desempenho e no aprendizado de uma habilidade motora. O objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a abordagem meta-analítica de dados agregados para avaliar o impacto da prática física (PP), da prática mental (MP) e da combinação de ambas em testes de aquisição, retenção e transferência no desempenho das habilidades motoras. . Metodologia: Foram incluídos 27 estudos publicados até 2022 por meio de busca em seis bases de dados. Um modelo de efeitos aleatórios foi utilizado usando o tamanho do efeito da diferença média padronizada (SE) para agrupar os resultados. Resultados: Um total de 42 ES foram calculados e separados em comparações pareadas para a fase de aquisição, retenção e transferência. Na fase de aquisição observou-se que o MP foi mais eficaz do que não praticar (ES=0,508; n=25; IC=0,29,0,72), o PP foi mais eficaz do que não praticar (ES=1,78; n= 15; IC= 0,97,2,60), CP foi mais eficaz que não praticar (ES=1,16; n=12; IC=0,57,1,75), PP foi mais eficaz que MP (ES=-1,16; n=23; IC= -1,88, - 0,45), o PP obteve resultados semelhantes ao CP (ES=-0,01; n=16; IC=-0,31,0,28), e o CP foi mais eficaz que o MP (ES=0,61; n=12; IC=0,17,1,04). Na fase de retenção observou-se que a MP foi mais eficaz do que não praticar (ES=1,11; n=5; IC=0,44,1,79), a PP foi mais eficaz do que não praticar (ES=1,03; n=4; IC= 0,08, 1,99), o PP foi mais eficaz que o MP (ES=-1,29; n=9; IC=-3,12,0,54), o PP teve resultados semelhantes ao PC (ES=0,16; n=8; IC= -0,29,0,63). ), o PC teve resultados semelhantes ao MP (ES=-0,06; n=3; IC=-1,22,1,09). Na fase de transferência observou-se que o MP foi mais eficaz do que nenhuma prática (ES=1,12; n=5; IC=0,01,1,59), o PP teve resultados semelhantes a nenhuma prática (ES=0,41; n=5; IC= -0,02,0,85), e o PP foi mais eficaz que o MP (ES=0,50; n=6; IC=0,12,0,87). Idade, nível de habilidade, tipo de prática mental, total de sessões e tipo de habilidade foram considerados possíveis variáveis ​​moderadoras. Conclusões: A prática mental não substitui a prática física, porém, em algumas condições, a prática física pode ser complementada pela prática mental

Analgesic antipyretic use among young children in the TEDDY study : No association with islet autoimmunity

Background: The use of analgesic antipyretics (ANAP) in children have long been a matter of controversy. Data on their practical use on an individual level has, however, been scarce. There are indications of possible effects on glucose homeostasis and immune function related to the use of ANAP. The aim of this study was to analyze patterns of analgesic antipyretic use across the clinical centers of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) prospective cohort study and test if ANAP use was a risk factor for islet autoimmunity. Methods: Data were collected for 8542 children in the first 2.5 years of life. Incidence was analyzed using logistic regression with country and first child status as independent variables. Holm's procedure was used to adjust for multiplicity of intercountry comparisons. Time to autoantibody seroconversion was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model with cumulative analgesic use as primary time dependent covariate of interest. For each categorization, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used. Results: Higher prevalence of ANAP use was found in the U.S. (95.7%) and Sweden (94.8%) compared to Finland (78.1%) and Germany (80.2%). First-born children were more commonly given acetaminophen (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.49; p = 0.007) but less commonly Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78, 0.95; p = 0.002). Acetaminophen and NSAID use in the absence of fever and infection was more prevalent in the U.S. (40.4%; 26.3% of doses) compared to Sweden, Finland and Germany (p < 0.001). Acetaminophen or NSAID use before age 2.5 years did not predict development of islet autoimmunity by age 6 years (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.09; p = 0.27). In a sub-analysis, acetaminophen use in children with fever weakly predicted development of islet autoimmunity by age 3 years (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.024). Conclusions: ANAP use in young children is not a risk factor for seroconversion by age 6 years. Use of ANAP is widespread in young children, and significantly higher in the U.S. compared to other study sites, where use is common also in absence of fever and infection