Use of psychoactive substances by adolescents: current panorama

Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to substance use disorders (SUDs). Epidemiological studies indicate that about 23% of Brazilian adolescents use drugs, with alcohol being the most widely consumed substance. The etiology of SUDs is complex, influenced by an interaction of genetic risk, individual development, environmental factors, context of use, and substance used. Clinicians should consider diagnostic criteria and be aware of behavioral changes that may indicate drug use and its consequences in various aspects of adolescent life. Identification and treatment of comorbid conditions is critical to the management of SUDs in this age group. Interventions should restrict access to drugs and facilitate prompt recognition of initial use, preventing progression to serious patterns of abuse or dependence. Intervention should be broad, including academic and occupational activities as well as social relationships and leisure, which are critical to the reestablishment of normal adolescent development.Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Lato Sensu Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Mental HealthUNIFESP, Lato Sensu Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Mental HealthSciEL

COLCHICINA: INTOXICAÇÃO E ÓBITO, RELATO DE CASO

B. I., de 67 anos, foi internado em um hospital no interior do Estado do Paraná, apresentando dor abdominal, vômitos e diarréia intensa, vindo a falecer após 4h de internamento. Após investigação do médico sanitarista, constatou-se que a vítima havia começado tratamento com cápsulas manipuladas com o princípio ativo colchicina. Análise por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução (HPLC) indicou positividade para colchicina nas cápsulas, com concentração média de 63,48mg e negativo no material biológico da vítima. A intoxicação por colchicina foi confirmada através dos exames anátomo patológico, sintomatologia apresentada no período de internamento e a alta dosagem de colchicina encontrada nas cápsulas manipuladas e ainda disponíveis. COLCHICINE: INTOXICATION AND DEATH, CASE REPORT Abstract B. I., sixty-seven years old, was taken to a hospital with abdominal cramps, vomiting and intense diarrhoea; he died four hours after being admitted in the emergency ward. After some medical investigation, it became known that the patient had started a treatment with colchicine in capsules prepared by a pharmacist. The capsules and the autopsy materials were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the analytical results for the capsules were positive for colchicine with mean concentration of 63,48mg/capsule; the analytical results for the autopsy materials were negative for colchicine. The fatal colchicine intoxication was confirmed by the anatomo-pathological exams carried out in the autopsy materials, by the sintomatology presented by the patient during his staying in the hospital and by the high concentration of colchicine found in the still remaining capsules

INTOXICAÇÃO POR TRIBROMOFENOL. RELATO DE CASO

A. M. 24 anos, casado, trabalhava como auxiliar de produção em uma indústria de manufatura e beneficiamento de madeira, utilizando produtos a base de tribromofenol. Durante sua última jornada de trabalho sentiu-se mal e foi encaminhado ao Pronto Socorro Municipal. Segundo a ficha hospitalar, o paciente apresentava-se consciente, agitado, com mal estar geral, tontura e fortes dores de cabeça, vindo a falecer horas depois. Conforme informações, ele queixou-se de dores de cabeça durante a semana que antecedeu o fato. Em conseqüência da exposição ocupacional suspeitou-se de uma intoxicação por tribromofenol. A pesquisa do tribromofenol foi realizada em fragmentos de tecido de exumação, e a metodologia utilizada foi cromatografia gasosa e cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa; os resultados obtidos foram positivos, confirmando a suspeita de intoxicação. TRIBROMOPHENOL INTOXICATION. CASE REPORT Abstract A. M. 24 years old, worked on the production line of a timber manufacturing plant, where a tribromophenol based wood preserving product was used. During his last work day at the plant , he felt ill was taken to the Pronto Socorro Municipal. According to hismedical report, he was conscious, but agitated, with general indisposition, dizziness and acute headache. He died some time later that same day. He frequently complained about having headaches during the week preceding his death and as he was occupationally exposed to tribromophenol, the intoxication by this substance was suspected. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry qualitative analysis for the detection of tribromophenol were carried out in exhumed tissues and their positive results confirmed the suspected intoxication by that substance

PROPOSTA PARA UTILIZAÇÃO DE UM MÉTODO COLORIMÉTRICO NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO E QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO HERBICIDA PARAQUAT, SEGUINDO OS PASSOS DA VALIDAÇÃO METODOLÓGICA. I PARTE

A validação metodológica nas análises toxicológicas tem por objetivo, fornecer maior segurança, credibilidade e assegurar qualidade no trabalho analítico, proporcionando a obtenção de resultados mais confiáveis. A criação de um protocolo de validação de métodos prevê três etapas que são o delineamento experimental, a padronização analítica e o controle de qualidade dos resultados. Este trabalho visa apresentar a primeira etapa do protocolo de validação de métodos é o delineamento experimental, onde inclui a adequação da metodologia às condições laboratoriais, os estudos relativos às propriedades fisico-químicas e os dados toxicocinéticos da substância emestudo. Sendo o Paraná umestado agrícola é de grande importância metodologias acessíveis uma vez que a metodologia proposta é mais simples que a cromatografia líquida e a cromatografia gasosa. PROPOSITION FOR THE USE OF A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF PARAQUAT, ACCORDING TO THE STEPS OF VALIDATION METHODOLOGY. I PART Abstract The main purpose of method validation in toxicological analysis is to provide assurance, credibility and guarantee quality to the analytical procedure. The development of a validation protocol comprehends three stages, which are the experimental draft, the analytical standardization and the quality control of the results. This paper presents the first stage of the validation protocol, proposed above, including in it, the method adjustment to the laboratorys work conditions, paraquats physicochemical properties and its toxicokinetic data. Acessible analytical methodilogies are very important, and the one presented in this paper is more simple than HPLC and CG

LEVANTAMENTO DAS INTOXICAÇÕES POR PARAQUAT NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ NOS ANOS DE 1998, 1999 E 2000

O paraquat é umherbicida de contato, não seletivo e pertencente ao grupo químico dos bipiridílios. Ë um dos mais específicos agentes tóxicos pulmonares conhecidos e possui uma alta taxa de mortalidade em casos de intoxicações, por isso tem sido objeto de muitas investigações em vários países. Com a finalidade de verificar a extensão da utilização do paraquat no Estado do Paraná realizamos um levantamento do número de casos e as causas das intoxicações ocorridas nos anos de 1998 (20casos), 1999 (17 casos) e 2000 (28 casos). Para isso foram utilizados dados obtidos em órgãos públicos como a Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura e Abastecimento (SEAB-PR) e oCentro de Saúde Ambiental (órgão vinculado à Secretaria DE Estado da Saúde). SURVEY ON PARAQUAT INTOXICATION IN PARANÁ STATE IN THE YEARS 1998, 1999 AND 2000 Abstract Paraquat is a contact, non-selective herbicide that belongs to the bipiridilic chemical group. It is one of the most specific toxic agent to the lungs known so far and is responsible for a high mortality rate in cases of intoxication. Because of that, paraquat has been the object of much scientific investigation in several countries. In order to know the extension of paraquat use in the Parana State, it was done a search on the number of cases and the causes of intoxication occurred in the years 1998 (20 cases), 1999 (17 cases) and 2000 (28 cases). The data were obtained from public institutions, such as Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura e Abastecimento and the Centro de Saúde Ambiental

Numerical tests of the large charge expansion

We perform Monte-Carlo measurements of two and three point functions of charged operators in the critical O(2) model in 3 dimensions. Our results are compatible with the predictions of the large charge superfluid effective field theory. To obtain reliable measurements for large values of the charge, we improved the Worm algorithm and devised a measurement scheme which mitigates the uncertainties due to lattice and finite size effects.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures. v2: Improved finite size scaling. v3: Added comparison between Monte Carlo update

Curved BPS domain walls and RG flow in five dimensions

We determine, in the context of five-dimensional ${\cal N}=2$ gauged supergravity with vector and hypermultiplets, the conditions under which curved (non Ricci flat) supersymmetric domain wall solutions may exist. These curved BPS domain wall solutions may, in general, be supported by non-constant vector and hyper scalar fields. We establish our results by a careful analysis of the BPS equations as well as of the associated integrability conditions and the equations of motion. We construct an example of a curved BPS solution in a gauged supergravity model with one hypermultiplet. We also discuss the dual description of curved BPS domain walls in terms of RG flows.Comment: 18 pages, LaTeX, 5 figures; added reference

Black hole entropy functions and attractor equations

The entropy and the attractor equations for static extremal black hole solutions follow from a variational principle based on an entropy function. In the general case such an entropy function can be derived from the reduced action evaluated in a near-horizon geometry. BPS black holes constitute special solutions of this variational principle, but they can also be derived directly from a different entropy function based on supersymmetry enhancement at the horizon. Both functions are consistent with electric/magnetic duality and for BPS black holes their corresponding OSV-type integrals give identical results at the semi-classical level. We clarify the relation between the two entropy functions and the corresponding attractor equations for N=2 supergravity theories with higher-derivative couplings in four space-time dimensions. We discuss how non-holomorphic corrections will modify these entropy functions.Comment: 21 pages,LaTeX,minor change

INCIDÊNCIA DE INTOXICAÇÕES POR PRAGUICIDAS NO PARANÁ

A importância dos praguicidas como agente causal de intoxicações e óbitos é evidenciada pelo número de ocorrências registradas. No Brasil ocupam a terceira posição dentre os agentes responsáveis pelas intoxicações agudas. Foi realizado levantamento no Centro de Informações Toxicológicas do Paraná (CIT) e no Instituto Médico Legal do Paraná (IML-PR) das intoxicações por praguicidas no período de 10/2000 a 08/2003. Neste período o CIT recebeu 1904 notificações de intoxicações e 224 intoxicações com óbito, enquanto que o IML registrou 120 óbitos provocados por praguicidas. Nos registros do IML, foram identificadas várias classes de praguicidas, havendo incidência de carbamatos na ordem de 39,2% e entre eles o aldicarb, conhecido popularmente como chumbinho. Os resultados confirmam a situação crítica quanto ao uso inadequado de praguicidas no Estado do Paraná, indicando a necessidade de orientação ao consumidor e adequada vigilância sanitária quanto ao uso e comercialização dos mesmos. INCIDENCE OF PESTICIDE POISONING IN PARANA STATE Abstract The importance of the pesticide as causal agent of intoxication and deaths is clearly shown by the number of registered cases. In Brazyl the pesticide are the third more important group of substances responsible for acute intoxication. A search for pesticide poisoning was made in the Parana States Poisoning Information Center and in the Institute for Legal Medicine from October, 2000 through August, 2003. In this period the Poisoning Information Center received 1,904 poisoning notifications and 224 poisoning cases with death. In the same period, the Institute for Legal Medicine recorded 120 deaths caused by pesticides. In the Institute for Legal Medicines file records it was found that the carbamates pesticides contributed with 39,2% of those fatal cases, being the Aldicarb (popularly known in Brazil as bullets) the main toxicological agent. The situation in Parana State is a critical one if it is taken into consideration that the use of pesticides by the population at large is made in a indiscriminate way and without the appropriate vigilance by the sanitary authorities

FOSFINA: RISCOS

A fosfina é amplamente utilizada para preservação de grãos armazenados em silos, sendo produzida no local da dedetização pela hidrólise dos fosfetos (fosfeto de alumínio, fosfeto de zinco, fosfeto de magnésio). Em conseqüência do número de óbitos registrados no IML - PR, nos últimos 2 anos por intoxicação com fosfina, pela ingestão proposital de pastilhas de fosfeto de alumínio, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de alertar sobre o uso indevido destas pastilhas. Neste artigo revemos os principais aspectos toxicológicos desta substância. PHOSPHINE: RISKS Abstract Phosphine is largely used for the preservation of stored grains in silos and it is produced in-situ through the hydrolysis of phosphides such as aluminum, zinc and magnesium phosphide. Phosphine is a gaseous substance that is extremely toxic to human beings and animals. As a result it is worth taking into consideration the number of phosphine-induced deaths that were registered during the last two years at the Institute for Legal Medicine, Paraná State. The present work was elaborated to draw attention at the misuse of aluminium phosphide pellets. Indeed, all the above reported phosphineinduced deaths were caused by the deliberate ingestion of aluminium phosphide. A review of the main toxicological aspects of phosphine is also presented