Un recorrido por La Mujer Nueva y las cartas del MEMCH: alianzas y demandas en el marco de la emancipación de las mujeres en Chile

The following paper proposes a critical survey on the legacy of the Chilean Women’s Pro Emancipation Movement (MEMCH) through the analysis of their letters and main publication, La Mujer Nueva newspaper, during the first half of the twentieth century in Chile. We seek to reveal the alliances behind this all-female institution, as well as delve into their demands and the purpose of their struggle through the words expressed by members and leaders alike. Given the general scarcity of public women’s testimonies during the first half of the twentieth century in the country, this corpus of letters and articles is a particularly interesting and relevant piece of Chilean literary and journalistic history. Through the analysis of these texts we can attest to the common imaginaries’ Chilean women from all social and economic backgrounds shared, both in terms of objectives to reach, as well as challenges to tackle. We will seek to shed light on these issues from the theoretical standpoint of Carol Gilligan’s “ethics of care” and Miguel Abensour’s “education of desire”, focusing in the affective strategies deployed by Chilean women to reach their ideal of creating a “new woman” for Chile.En el presente artículo nos proponemos hacer un recorrido por el legado del Movimiento Pro Emancipación de la Mujer Chilena (MEMCH), principalmente a través del análisis de sus cartas, como también del periódico La Mujer Nueva, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Interesa enfocarnos en las alianzas de esta organización femenina y en las demandas a las que adscribieron y por las que lucharon, dado que los registros textuales del MEMCH representan uno de los pocos corpus de trabajo de la época en donde es posible atestiguar un contacto transversal y horizontal entre mujeres a través del ejercicio de la escritura. El análisis de estos textos revela, a la vez, los imaginarios en común que las mujeres de la época tenían, tanto en lo que concierne a horizontes de sentido, como retos a superar. Abordaremos teóricamente estos imaginarios a partir del marco propuesto por la “ética del cuidado” tal y como la entiende Carol Gilligan (2013) y el concepto de la “educación del deseo”, según Miguel Abensour (1973) en relación con la propuesta de creación de una “nueva mujer” como elementos articuladores del Movimiento

Structure and bonding in WCn (n = 2–5) clusters

Stochastic explorations of the configurational spaces for WC n (n = 2–5) clusters lead to densely populated spin states at each molecularity. We found 8, 16, 42, and 68 well-defined minima for n = 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively, in spin states ranging from singlets to quintuplets. The lowest energy isomers are triplets in all cases, except for n = 2 where there is competition between a quintuplet and a triplet state for the global minimum. The transition from planar to 3D structural preferences occurs between n = 4 and n = 5. For the global minima, the structures may be considered as the result of the interaction between two fragments: a tungsten cation and a covalently bonded anionic carbon chain. We found that spin–orbit (SO) effects reduce energy differences among isomers. Likewise, SO effects diminish as a function of the carbon content in the clusters to the point that for n = 5 they become negligible

Extraction of the Muon Signals Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory Using Recurrent Neural Networks

We present a method based on the use of Recurrent Neural Networks to extract the muon component from the time traces registered with water-Cherenkov detector (WCD) stations of the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The design of the WCDs does not allow to separate the contribution of muons to the time traces obtained from the WCDs from those of photons, electrons and positrons for all events. Separating the muon and electromagnetic components is crucial for the determination of the nature of the primary cosmic rays and properties of the hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies. We trained a neural network to extract the muon and the electromagnetic components from the WCD traces using a large set of simulated air showers, with around 450 000 simulated events. For training and evaluating the performance of the neural network, simulated events with energies between 1018.5, eV and 1020 eV and zenith angles below 60 degrees were used. We also study the performance of this method on experimental data of the Pierre Auger Observatory and show that our predicted muon lateral distributions agree with the parameterizations obtained by the AGASA collaboration

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy