Biofilm dynamics characterization using a novel DO-MEA sensor: mass transport and biokinetics

Biodegradation process modeling is an essential tool for the optimization of biotechnologies related to gaseous pollutant treatment. In these technologies, the predominant role of biofilm, particularly under conditions of no mass transfer limitations, results in a need to determine what processes are occurring within the same. By measuring the interior of the biofilms, an increased knowledge of mass transport and biodegradation processes may be attained. This information is useful in order to develop more reliable models that take biofilm heterogeneity into account. In this study, a new methodology, based on a novel dissolved oxygen (DO) and mass transport microelectronic array (MEA) sensor, is presented in order to characterize a biofilm. Utilizing the MEA sensor, designed to obtain DO and diffusivity profiles with a single measurement, it was possible to obtain distributions of oxygen diffusivity and biokinetic parameters along a biofilm grown in a flat plate bioreactor (FPB). The results obtained for oxygen diffusivity, estimated from oxygenation profiles and direct measurements, revealed that changes in its distribution were reduced when increasing the liquid flow rate. It was also possible to observe the effect of biofilm heterogeneity through biokinetic parameters, estimated using the DO profiles. Biokinetic parameters, including maximum specific growth rate, the Monod half-saturation coefficient of oxygen, and the maintenance coefficient for oxygen which showed a marked variation across the biofilm, suggest that a tool that considers the heterogeneity of biofilms is essential for the optimization of biotechnologies.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A comparative study of the characteristics and physical behaviour of different packing materials commonly used in biofiltration

In this study, the characteristics and physical behaviour of 8 different packing materials were compared. The materials were selected according to previous works in the field of biofiltration including organic and inorganic or synthetic materials. Results pre-selected those more acceptable support materials for the main function they have to perform in the biological system: high surface contact, rugosity to immobilize the biomass, low pressure drop, nutrients supply, water retentivity or a commitment among them. Otherwise, pressure drop have been described by means of the respective mathematic expressions in order to include phenomena in the classical biofiltration models.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Dynamic characterization of external and internal mass transport in heterotrophic biofilms from microsensors measurements

Peer ReviewedPreprin

Conversion of chemical scrubbers to biotrickling filters for VOCs and H2S treatment at low contact times

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the technical and economical feasibility of converting three chemical scrubbers in series to biotrickling filters (BTFs) for the simultaneous removal of H2S and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The conversion of the full-scale scrubbers was based on previous conversion protocols. Conversion mainly required replacing the original carrier material and recycle pumps as well as modifying the controls and operation of the reactors. Complete removal of H2S and VOCs on a routine basis was reached at neutral pH in a longer period of time compared to previous conversions reported. Biotrickling filters operated at a gas contact time of about 1.4 s per reactor and at pH controlled between 6.5 and 6.8. Inlet average concentrations below 10 ppmv of H2S and below 5 ppmv for VOCs were often completely removed. The first and second bioreactors played a primary role in H2S removal. Year-round operation of the biotrickling filters proved the ability of the system to handle progressive load increases of H2S and VOCs. However, fast, sudden load changes often lead to reduced removal efficiencies. Odor analyses showed average removal efficiencies above 80 %. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of selected samples showed that outlet odor concentration was due to limited removal of VOCs. The conversion showed was economically viable taking into account the theoretical consumption of chemicals needed for the absorption and oxidation of both H2S and VOCs.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Biofiltration of WWTP sludge composting emission at contact times of 2 to 8 seconds

The performance of a biotrickling filter for the abatement of composting emissions was evaluated at short contact times of 2 to 8 seconds. The effect of EBRT, pH control and water renovation rate were evaluated. The average elimination capacity was 13 and 3.3 g N/C m-3 h -1 for ammonia and VOCs, respectively, and the maximum EC obtained during a doping process were 40 and 20 g N/C m -3 h -1 . Biotrickling filters appear as a better alternative than biofilters due to their controllability. However, water renovation becomes a critical parameter to avoid substrate inhibition by nitrite and ammonia accumulation. Not only ammonia absorption is negatively affected at low renovation rate but it is also affected the biological process. A decrease of 40 % was detected in the nitrification step when the hydraulic residence time increased from 2 to 5 hours. Results presented herein demonstrate that high removal efficiencies can be achieved for composting emissions in a biotrickling filter operated at short contact times which entails a substantial reduction of operational and investment costs in comparison to traditional techniques.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

A novel MEMS-based sensor for simultaneous pH and dissolved oxygen profiling in biofilms

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Comparison of organic packing materials for toluene biofiltration

he paper focuses on the operation of a pilot plant with four biofilters operated in parallel for determining the suitability of coconut fiber, peat, compost from the digested sludge of a wastewater treatment plant and pine leaves as packing materials for biofiltration of toluene. Physical characteristics of packing materials such as specific surface area, density, pore size and elemental composition were determined for each packing material. Biological activity and packing capabilities related to toluene removal were determined during the startup and operation of the four biofilters under different conditions of nutrients, watering and inlet air relative humidity supply. Nutrient addition was key in improving removal efficiency (RE) and elimination capacity (EC) of biofilters. Feeding of medium with nutrients increased the RE and the EC by a factor of 2 to 4 than these found when supplying only tap water. Additionally, when extra nitrogen was supplied in the medium, RE and EC increased by a factor of 2. Nutrient addition also lead to a microbial population change from bacterial to fungal biofilters. It was denoted that watering control is necessary to improve fungal biofilters performance in terms of ensuring a proper washout of acidic by-products to avoid fungi inhibition and consequent lowered removal capacities.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Development of a novel microsensor for the study of oxygen profiles in biofilms

Understanding of the processes taking place inside biofilms is a key parameter to progress in the optimization of biofiltration technologies. This study was conducted with the aim of developing a novel dissolved oxygen (DO) microsensor specially designed for biofilms monitoring. The microsensor was fabricated through standard photolithography techniques, resulting in a microelectrodes array (MEA) of 11 gold circular working electrodes, with a diameter of 50 µm , and a gold reference electrode, which allows obtaining a snapshot oxygen profile of 1 mm of depth. The performance of the sensor was fully characterized under different conditions, inwhich the sensor presented high sensitivity and repeatability, and low detection and quantification limits. Monitoring of sensor performance showed a stable and reliable response. The developed sensor was used in obtaining micropofiles in an aerobic heterotrophic biofilm, showing similar response to Clark-type commercial microsensors. These studies concluded that the novel MEA sensor for DO monitoring allows obtaining oxygen profiles within biofilms, becoming a useful tool for the research of many biological applications.Postprint (author's final draft

Optimization of oxygen transfer through venturi-based systems applied to the biological sweetening of biogas

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Dynamic modelling of ammonia biofiltration from waste gases

A dynamic model to describe ammonia removal in a gas-phase biofilter was developed. The math-ematical model is based on discretized mass balances and detailed nitrification kinetics that includeinhibitory effects caused by free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA). The model was able to pre-dict experimental results operation under different loading rates (from 3.2 to 13.2 g NH3h-1m-3). In par-ticular the model was capable of reproducing inhibition caused by high inlet ammonia concentrations. Alsoelimination capacity was accurately predicted. Experimental data was also used to optimize certain modelparameters such as the concentration of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing biomass.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version