Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on vegetative propagation by cutting cuatomate (Solanum glaucescens Zucc.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of indole-3-acetic acid and type of rods in the vegetative propagation by cutting of the cuatomate and to describe the phenological stages, to increase production. Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized design was used by means of a 22 factorial arrangement to estimate the effect of two concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (1000 and 10000 ppm) and type of rods (secondary and tertiary) on the number of leaves and sprout of the plant. For propagation, 30 cm rods from secondary and tertiary branches of the cuatomate were used; with cuts at the ends, transversal and diagonal; parts that generate to the dossal and root, respectively. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance with the general linear models procedure. Results: Highly significant differences (p ? 0.01) were observed between the variables under study. Higher number of leaves and sprout (16.700 and 20.000, respectively) were observed in tertiary rods when inoculated with 1000 ppm of IAA. In the evaluation of the phenological stages, the first bud appeared at 30 days, the first leaf and flowers at 40 and 180 days after inoculation, respectively. Limitations on study/implications: In the transversal section, commercial candelilla wax was applied to prevent possible attacks by pathogens and it was ensured that the rods are completely covered with indole-3-acetic acid. Findings/conclusions: The use of indole-3-acetic acid in the vegetative propagation of the cuatomate would be an alternative to increase its production; promoting a sustainable activity for the Mixtec region of Puebla.Objective: To evaluate the effect of indole-3-acetic acid and budwood type in the vegetative propagation by cutting cuatomate (Solanum glaucescens Zucc.) and to describe the phenological stages, in order to increase production. Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized design with a 22 factorial design was used to estimate the effect of two concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (1000 and 10000 ppm) and budwood type (secondary and tertiary) on the number of leaves and sprouts of the plant. With regard to propagation, 30-cm budwoods from secondary and tertiary branches of cuatomate were used; transversal and diagonal cuts were made at the ends of the branches that generate the canopy and the root, respectively. Data was subject to an analysis of variance, using the general linear model procedure. Results: Highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were observed between the variables under study. Higher number of leaves and sprouts (16.700 and 20.000, respectively) were observed in tertiary budwoods inoculated with 1000 ppm of IAA. In the evaluation of the phenological stages, the first bud appeared at 30 days, while the first leaf and flowers appeared 40 and 180 days after inoculation, respectively. Study limitations/implications: Commercial candelilla wax was applied in the transversal cut to prevent attacks by pathogens and every single budwood was completely covered with indole-3-acetic acid. Findings/conclusions: The use of indole-3-acetic acid in the vegetative propagation of cuatomate would be an alternative to increase its production; promoting a sustainable activity in the Mixtec region of Puebla

Co-infections and superinfections complicating COVID-19 in cancer patients: A multicentre, international study

Background: We aimed to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of co-infections and superinfections in onco-hematological patients with COVID-19. Methods: International, multicentre cohort study of cancer patients with COVID-19. All patients were included in the analysis of co-infections at diagnosis, while only patients admitted at least 48 h were included in the analysis of superinfections. Results: 684 patients were included (384 with solid tumors and 300 with hematological malignancies). Co-infections and superinfections were documented in 7.8% (54/684) and 19.1% (113/590) of patients, respectively. Lower respiratory tract infections were the most frequent infectious complications, most often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Only seven patients developed opportunistic infections. Compared to patients without infectious complications, those with infections had worse outcomes, with high rates of acute respiratory distress syndrome, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and case-fatality rates. Neutropenia, ICU admission and high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were independent risk factors for infections. Conclusions: Infectious complications in cancer patients with COVID-19 were lower than expected, affecting mainly neutropenic patients with high levels of CRP and/or ICU admission. The rate of opportunistic infections was unexpectedly low. The use of empiric antimicrobials in cancer patients with COVID-19 needs to be optimized