Queering the Spanish conquest of AmeRíca: who were the berdache and "amujerados”

This essay explores the contemporary search for historical antecedents for LGBTQIA+ identities by turning to the remote past, delving into the chronicles of the Spanish conquest of the Americas initiated by the Columbian voyages of 1492. When Europeans first arrived in the Caribbean and soon ventured into North and South America, they routinely reported on the plethora of sexual practices. What at first glance seemed familiar to the “conquistadores” was that men had sex with other men, a behavior they had known for centuries, calling the receptive male partner in such acts berdache, or male prostitutes compensated for their service. Over time Europeans came to understand Native American sexual customs with more complexity, calling the receptive partner in male-male intercourse “amujerados” (womanish). These were captured prisoners of war, transvested as women and segregated among them, denied access to the instruments of war, enduring lives of hard labor and humiliation, reviled even by women and children. This essay argues that the labors of the “amujerados” illuminates gender as a status. Men and women share more biological similarities than differences. The feminine is most often a mark of subordination and inequality. LGBTQIA+ persons who seek less rigid, more fluid, liberatory historical models with which to grow and prosper, will not find them by looking backward to the lives of “amujerados”, to these enslaved prisoners of war

Effect of pupil size on corneal aberrations before and after standard, custom LASIK and corneal refractive therapy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of changing the pupil size on the corneal first surface higher order aberrations induced by different refractive treatments (standard LASIK; custom LASIK and corneal refractive therapy). DESIGN: Observational study. METHODS: SETTING: Clínica Oftalmológica NovoVisión, Madrid, Spain. PATIENTS: Eighty-one right eyes with a mean age of 29.94±7.5 years, of which 50 were female (61.7%), were retrospectively analyzed. Corneal videokeratographic data were used to obtain corneal first surface higher order aberrations (HOA) for aperture diameters from 3 to 8 mm using the Vol-CT software. Total Root Mean Square (RMS) and RMS for 3rd to 6th-order Zernike polynomials as well as spherical-like, coma-like, secondary-astigmatism and spherical+coma-like were calculated. RESULTS: We verified an increase of the HOA Total RMS after treatments of 0.014±0.025µm, 0.019±0.027µm 0.018±0.031µm for standard LASIK, custom LASIK and corneal refractive therapy, respectively for 3mm pupil diameter. For the 8mm aperture diameter changes in Total RMS increased by a factor of 50x compared with the variation for the 3mm diameter up to 0.744±0.731µm, 0.493±0.794µm, 0.973±1.055µm for standard LASIK, custom LASIK and corneal refractive therapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The three techniques increase the wavefront aberrations of the cornea and change the relative contribution of coma-like and spherical-like aberrations. For a large aperture (>5mm), corneal refractive therapy induces more spherical-like aberrations than standard LASIK and this more than custom LASIK. However, no differences clinically or statistically significant did exist for narrower apertures. Standard LASIK and custom LASIK did not displayed statistically significant differences regarding to HOA.Objectivo: Avaliar o efeito da alteração do tamanho da pupila nas aberrações de alta ordem da superfície anterior da córnea, induzida por diferentes tratamentos refractivos: cirurgia Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) standard (LS), cirurgia LASIK personalizada (LP) e terapia refractiva corneal (TRC). Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente oitenta e um olhos direitos de 81 pacientes com uma idade média de 29,94 ± 7,5 anos, 50 dos quais do sexo feminino (61,7%), na Clínica Oftalmológica Novovisión, Madrid, Espanha. Os dados da topografia da córnea foram usados para obter as aberrações de alta ordem da superfície anterior da córnea (SAC) para diâmetros pupilares de 3 a 8 mm, usando o software Vol-CT (Sarver& Associates, Inc). Foram calculadas a raiz quadrática média (RMS) total e as RMS da terceira até à sexta ordens usando os polinómios de Zernike, assim como para as RMS de tipo esférico, comático, astigmatismo secundário e a soma da aberração de tipo esférico com comático. Resultados: Verificou-se um aumento nas aberrações de alta ordem da RMS total depois dos tratamentos de 0,014 ± 0,025 µm, 0,019 ± 0,027 µm e 0,018 ± 0,031 µm para a cirurgia LS, cirurgia LP e TRC, respectivamente, para um diâmetro da pupila de 3 mm. Para um diâmetro pupilar de 8 mm, as alterações na RMS total aumentaram num factor de 50 vezes em comparação com a variação do diâmetro de 3 mm até 0,744 ± 0.731 µm, 0,493 ± 0,794 µm e 0,973 ± 1,055 µm para a cirurgia LS, cirurgia LP e TRC, respectivamente. Conclusões: As 3 técnicas aumentam as aberrações da córnea e alteram a contribuição relativa das aberrações de tipo comático e de tipo esférico. Para aberturas pupilares maiores (> 5 mm), o tratamento TRC induz aberrações de tipo esférico significativamente mais elevadas do que as cirurgias LS e LP. No entanto, não se verificaram diferenças clínicas e estatisticamente significativas para aberturas menores. As cirurgias LS e LP não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação às aberrações de alta ordem.This work was supported by a grant from the Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) of Ministry of Science and Superior Education (MCES) (European Social Funding). António Queirós SFRH/BD/61768/200

Forage production and quality of common vetch mixtures with barley, oat and triticale in four phenological stages

Para determinar la producción y la calidad del forraje de la mezcla de veza común con cebada, avena, y triticale en dos proporciones de semilla (65:35; 35:65) durante cuatro etapas fenológicas, se estableció un experimento en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial (3x4x4) con cuatro repeticiones. En mezclas de cultivos la mayor producción de materia seca (MS) la obtuvo la asociación avena-veza con 16.6 t ha-1 y en proporción de cultivos la avena-veza (65:35) produjo 19.9 t ha-1, durante la etapa grano masoso (P<0.001). La mayor cantidad de proteína cruda la obtuvieron las mezclas avena-veza (178 g kg-1 MS) y triticale-veza (161 g kg-1 MS) durante la etapa de embuche. Los menores valores de fibra detergente neutra los presentaron el monocultivo veza y su mezcla con avena (35:65), durante la etapa grano maduro (P<0.001). Las menores cantidades de fibra detergente ácida lo obtuvieron los monocultivos avena, veza y triticale durante la etapa grano lechoso (P<0.001). El mayor porcentaje de nutrientes digestibles totales lo obtuvo el monocultivo veza y su mezcla con cebada (65:35) durante la etapa grano lechoso, respectivamente (P<0.001). El contenido de energía neta de lactación y el valor relativo de forraje fue mayor para el monocultivo veza (P<0.001). Se concluye que la producción y calidad del forraje en mezcla de veza con cereales (cebada, avena y triticale) dependen de la etapa de cosecha. En este estudio, la mezcla avena-veza logró mayor producción de materia seca y mejor contenido de proteína cruda. Además, el valor relativo del forraje fue más alto durante la etapa grano maduro.The objective was to determine forage yield and quality of vetch mixtures with barley, oat and triticale in two seeding ratios (65:35; 35:65) at four phenological stages. To this end, a randomized block design with factorial array (3x4x4) and four replications was established. The greatest dry matter yield was obtained from the oat-vetch mixture at the grain doughy stage of maturity (16.6 t ha-1; P<0.00), while the seed proportion with the highest production was from the oat-vetch (65:35) ratio with 19.9 t ha-1 during the dough grain stage. The highest amount of crude protein was obtained from the oat-vetch (178 g kg-1 MS) and triticale-vetch (161 g kg-1 MS) mixtures during booting stage. The monoculture vetch and oats-vetch (35:65) proportion, both had lower amounts of neutral detergent fiber at the mature grain stage (P<0.001). The oat, vetch and triticale monocultures showed the lowest acid detergent fiber during milky grain stage (P<0.001). The greatest percentage of TDN was observed in vetch monoculture and its mixtures with barley (65:35) during the milky grain stage, respectively (P<0.001). The monoculture vetch provided highest values for NEL and RFV (P<0.001). In conclusion, the forage yield and quality of vetch mixtures with barley, oat and triticale depend on the maturity stage. Also, the oat-vetch mixture showed the greatest dry matter yield and high CP concentration. In addition, forage relative value was higher during the mature grain stage

Peripheral refraction in myopic patients after Orthokeratology

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the central and peripheral refraction across the horizontal meridian of the visual field before and after myopic corneal refractive therapy (CRT) with contact lenses. Methods: Twenty-eight right eyes (mean age±SD = 24.6±6.3 years) were fitted with Paragon CRT contact lenses to treat myopia between -0.88 and -5.25D of spherical equivalent. Along with a complete set of examination procedures to assess suitability for treatment, the central and peripheral refraction was measured along the horizontal meridian up to 35º of eccentricity in the nasal and temporal retinal area in 5º steps. Results: Baseline central average spherical equivalent (M) measured by subjective refraction changed from -1.95±1.27D to -0.38±0.67D. Changes in M component ranged between 1.42±0.89D at center to 0.43±0.88D at 20º in the temporal retina (p0.351). Beyond the 25º limit, M component changed in the myopic direction up to -1.11±0.88D at 35º in temporal retina (p0.05 for all eccentricities). Furthermore, the degree of myopic increase in spherical equivalent for 30º (r2=0.573, p<0.001) and 35º (r2=0.645, p<0.001) eccentric refraction was highly correlated with axial spherical equivalent at baseline. Conclusions: CRT inverts the pattern of peripheral refraction in spherical equivalent refraction creating a treatment area of myopic reduction within the central 25º of visual field, and a myopic shift beyond the 25º. In peripheral refraction for 30º and 35º, the amount of myopia induced in terms of spherical equivalent has an almost 1:1 relationship with the amount of baseline spherical equivalent refraction to be corrected.Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a refracção central e periférica através do meridiano horizontal do campo visual, antes e depois da Terapia Refractiva Corneal à miopia (CRT) com lentes de contacto. Métodos: Foram adaptados com lentes de contacto Paragon CRT vinte e oito olhos direitos de 28 indivíduos (com uma idade média ± DP = 24,6 ± 6,3 anos) para corrigir miopia entre – 0.88 e – 5.25 D de equivalente esférico. Juntamente com um conjunto completo de exames para avaliar a possibilidade de tratamento, foi medida a refracção central e periférica ao longo do meridiano horizontal até aos 35º de excentricidade na área da retina nasal e temporal em intervalos de 5º. Resultados: A média do equivalente esférico central no estado inicial (M) medido pela refracção subjectiva mudou de - 1,95 ± 1,27 D para - 0,38 ± 0,67 D. As alterações no componente M variaram entre +1,42 ± 0,89 D no centro e +0,43 ± 0,88 D a 20º na retina temporal (p 0,351), a 25º para ambos os lados da medida da refracção central. Para além do limite de 25º, o componente M mudou no sentido da miopia até – 1,11 ± 0,88 D a 35º na retina temporal (p 0,050 para todas as excentricidades). Além disso, o aumento do valor de miopia em equivalente esférico para 30º (r2 = 0,573, p < 0,001) e 35º (r2 = 0,645, p < 0,001) de refracção excêntrica foi altamente correlacionado com o equivalente esférico do estado inicial. Conclusões: As lentes CRT invertem o padrão da refracção periférica no equivalente esférico da refracção, criando uma área de tratamento na redução da miopia dentro de 25º do campo visual central, e um deslocamento miópico para além de 25º. Na refracção periférica para 30º e 35º, o valor da miopia induzida em termos de equivalente esférico, tem uma relação de quase 1:1 com o valor da refracção do equivalente esférico do estado inicial a ser corrigido.Ministério da Ciência e do Ensino SuperiorFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - Bolsa SFRH/BD/61768/200

Morfología corneal y resultados visuales en pacientes con LASIK después de ortoqueratología

[Extracto] Justificación y objetivos - Comparar la morfología corneal y los resultados visuales de los usuarios de lentes contacto blandas (controle) y ortoqueratología (OK) a largo plazo sometidos a cirugía refractiva corneal (LASIK) para la corrección de la miopía. [...]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relative peripheral refraction across 4 meridians after orthokeratology and LASIK surgery

Background: To characterize the axial and off-axis refraction across four meridians of the retina in myopic eyes before and after Orthokeratology (OK) and LASIK surgery. Methods: Sixty right eyes with a spherical equivalent (M) between − 0.75 to − 5.25 D (cylinder <− 1.00 D) underwent LASIK (n = 26) or OK (n = 34) to treat myopia. Axial and off-axis refraction were measured with an open-field autorefractometer before and after stabilized treatments. Off-axis measurements were obtained for the horizontal (35° nasal and temporal retina) and vertical (15° superior and inferior retina) meridians, and for two oblique directions (45–225° and 135–315°) up to 20° of eccentricity. The refractive profile was addressed as relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE). Results: OK and LASIK post-treatment results showed an increase of myopic relative refraction at several eccentric locations. At the four meridians evaluated, the M component of the pre-treatment RPRE values was not statistically different (p > 0.05) from the post-treatment RPRE within 30° and 20° of the central visual field after LASIK and OK, respectively. These results demonstrated that the treatment zone warrants an optimal central field of vision. Conclusions: The present study gives an overview of RPRE after refractive corneal reshaping treatments (OK and LASIK) across vertical, horizontal and two oblique meridians together. This allows a 3D representation of RPRE at the retina and shows that the myopic shift induced by both treatments is more relevant in horizontal directions.Supported in part by a grant to AQ (SFRH/BD/61768/2009), projects PTDC/ SAU-BEB/098391/2008, PTDC/SAU-BEB/098392/2008 and the Strategic Project PEST-C/FIS/UI607/2011 from the Science and Technology Foundation of Portuguese Ministry of Science and Higher Education.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio