DIAGNÓSTICOS DE ENFERMAGEM COMO INSTRUMENTOS NA FORMAÇÃO DO ENFERMEIRO: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

This research presents a review of articles on the topic of "Nursing Diagnosis," published during the years 2000-2007 and refers to a trend which has increasingly been mentioned in practice and in medical journals: The study is based on evidence. To this end, we used the methodology of a bibliographic search, using data sources such as the national nursing journals indexed in the LILACS database (Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), MEDLINE (International Science Literature Health) SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). We chose to use the term "Nursing Diagnosis," that was found in 65 articles. For the analysis it was revealed the nature of the items, the assessment of the authors and how they evaluated the diagnosis teaching of nursing. It highlighted the main theoretical references, issues of proportionality and the years of the publication in question. It can be concluded that the production of nursing articles, within the theme of the diagnosis, has been made even in small quantities, which indicates the need of production and application of these articles in the fields of teaching and practice.  Esta investigación presenta una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos sobre el tema "Diagnóstico de Enfermería", publicados durante los años 2000-2007, y se refiere a una tendencia que se ha afirmado en la práctica y en las revistas médicas: el estudio basado en la evidencia. Con este fin, hemos utilizado la metodología de búsqueda bibliográfica, utilizando fuentes de datos como las revistas de enfermería nacional indexadas a la base de datos LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud), MEDLINE (Literatura Internacional en Ciencias Salud) y SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). Se optó por utilizar el término "Diagnóstico de Enfermería", donde fueron encontrados 65 artículos. Para el análisis se puso de manifiesto la naturaleza de los artículos, la valoración de los autores, y cómo estos evalúan el diagnóstico en el hacer/educar en enfermería. Se destacaron los principales teóricos referenciados, temas y proporcionalidad de los años de la publicación en cuestión. Se puede concluir que la producción de artículos de enfermería, dentro de la temática del diagnóstico, se ha hecho incluso en pequeñas cantidades, lo que indica la necesidad de la producción y aplicación de estos productos en las esferas de la enseñanza y la práctica, teniendo en cuenta la consideración de enfermería como ciencia.Esta pesquisa apresenta uma revisão de literatura dos artigos referentes ao tema “Diagnósticos de Enfermagem” publicados no período dos anos 2000-2007, e relaciona-os a uma tendência, a qual cada vez tem se afirmado na prática e nas publicações médicas: o estudo baseado em evidências. Para tal, utilizou-se a metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando-se como fontes de dados as Revistas de Enfermagem nacionais indexadas às base de dados LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), MEDLINE (Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde) e Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online). Utilizando como descritor o termo “Diagnósticos de Enfermagem”, foram encontrados 65 artigos. Para a análise demonstramos a natureza dos artigos, a titulação dos autores, e como estes avaliam a visão diagnóstica dentro do fazer/ educar na Enfermagem, procuramos evidenciar os principais teóricos referenciados, temáticas e proporcionalidade dos anos de publicação em questão. Pode-se concluir que a produção de artigos na Enfermagem, dentro da temática diagnóstico, tem-se apresentado ainda em pequena quantidade, evidenciando a necessidade de produção e aplicabilidade destas produções, nos campos da docência e prática, visto a afirmação da Enfermagem como ciência.  

Compensatory ingestion upon dietary restriction in Drosophila melanogaster

Dietary restriction extends the lifespan of numerous, evolutionarily diverse species. In D. melanogaster, a prominent model for research on the interaction between nutrition and longevity, dietary restriction is typically based on medium dilution, with possible compensatory ingestion commonly being neglected. Possible problems with this approach are revealed by using a method for direct monitoring of D. melanogaster feeding behavior. This demonstrates that dietary restriction elicits robust compensatory changes in food consumption. As a result, the effect of medium dilution is overestimated and, in certain cases, even fully compensated for. Our results strongly indicate that feeding behavior and nutritional composition act concertedly to determine fly lifespan. Feeding behavior thus emerges as a central element in D. melanogaster aging

Potential mechanisms underlying the acute lung dysfunction and bacterial extrapulmonary dissemination during Burkholderia cenocepacia respiratory infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Burkholderia cenocepacia</it>, an opportunistic pathogen that causes lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, is associated with rapid and usually fatal lung deterioration due to necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis, a condition known as cepacia syndrome. The key bacterial determinants associated with this poor clinical outcome in CF patients are not clear. In this study, the cytotoxicity and procoagulant activity of <it>B. cenocepacia </it>from the ET-12 lineage, that has been linked to the cepacia syndrome, and four clinical isolates recovered from CF patients with mild clinical courses were analysed in both <it>in vitro </it>and <it>in vivo </it>assays.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>B. cenocepacia-</it>infected BEAS-2B epithelial respiratory cells were used to investigate the bacterial cytotoxicity assessed by the flow cytometric detection of cell staining with propidium iodide. Bacteria-induced procoagulant activity in cell cultures was assessed by a colorimetric assay and by the flow cytometric detection of tissue factor (TF)-bearing microparticles in cell culture supernatants. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from intratracheally infected mice were assessed for bacterial proinflammatory and procoagulant activities as well as for bacterial cytotoxicity, by the detection of released lactate dehydrogenase.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>ET-12 was significantly more cytotoxic to cell cultures but clinical isolates Cl-2, Cl-3 and Cl-4 exhibited also a cytotoxic profile. ET-12 and CI-2 were similarly able to generate a TF-dependent procoagulant environment in cell culture supernatant and to enhance the release of TF-bearing microparticles from infected cells. In the <it>in vivo </it>assay, all bacterial isolates disseminated from the mice lungs, but Cl-2 and Cl-4 exhibited the highest rates of recovery from mice livers. Interestingly, Cl-2 and Cl-4, together with ET-12, exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. All bacteria were similarly capable of generating a procoagulant and inflammatory environment in animal lungs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>B. cenocepacia </it>were shown to exhibit cytotoxic and procoagulant activities potentially implicated in bacterial dissemination into the circulation and acute pulmonary decline detected in susceptible CF patients. Improved understanding of the mechanisms accounting for <it>B. cenocepacia</it>-induced clinical decline has the potential to indicate novel therapeutic strategies to be included in the care <it>B. cenocepacia</it>-infected patients.</p

Membranes by the Numbers

Many of the most important processes in cells take place on and across membranes. With the rise of an impressive array of powerful quantitative methods for characterizing these membranes, it is an opportune time to reflect on the structure and function of membranes from the point of view of biological numeracy. To that end, in this article, I review the quantitative parameters that characterize the mechanical, electrical and transport properties of membranes and carry out a number of corresponding order of magnitude estimates that help us understand the values of those parameters.Comment: 27 pages, 12 figure

Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) Reveals a Neo-X Chromosome and Biased Gene Movement in Stalk-Eyed Flies (Genus Teleopsis)

Chromosomal location has a significant effect on the evolutionary dynamics of genes involved in sexual dimorphism, impacting both the pattern of sex-specific gene expression and the rate of duplication and protein evolution for these genes. For nearly all non-model organisms, however, knowledge of chromosomal gene content is minimal and difficult to obtain on a genomic scale. In this study, we utilized Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), using probes designed from EST sequence, to identify genes located on the X chromosome of four species in the stalk-eyed fly genus Teleopsis. Analysis of log2 ratio values of female-to-male hybridization intensities from the CGH microarrays for over 3,400 genes reveals a strongly bimodal distribution that clearly differentiates autosomal from X-linked genes for all four species. Genotyping of 33 and linkage mapping of 28 of these genes in Teleopsis dalmanni indicate the CGH results correctly identified chromosomal location in all cases. Syntenic comparison with Drosophila indicates that 90% of the X-linked genes in Teleopsis are homologous to genes located on chromosome 2L in Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting the formation of a nearly complete neo-X chromosome from Muller element B in the dipteran lineage leading to Teleopsis. Analysis of gene movement both relative to Drosophila and within Teleopsis indicates that gene movement is significantly associated with 1) rates of protein evolution, 2) the pattern of gene duplication, and 3) the evolution of eyespan sexual dimorphism. Overall, this study reveals that diopsids are a critical group for understanding the evolution of sex chromosomes within Diptera. In addition, we demonstrate that CGH is a useful technique for identifying chromosomal sex-linkage and should be applicable to other organisms with EST or partial genomic information

Potential toxic elements in stream sediments, soils and waters in an abandoned radium mine (central Portugal)

The Alto da Várzea radium mine (AV) exploited ore and U-bearing minerals, such as autunite and torbernite. The mine was exploited underground from 1911 to 1922, closed in 1946 without restoration, and actually a commercial area is deployed. Stream sediments, soils and water samples were collected between 2008 and 2009. Stream sediments are mainly contaminated in As, Th, U and W, which is related to the AV radium mine. The PTEs, As, Co, Cr, Sr, Th, U, W, Zn, and electrical conductivity reached the highest values in soils collected inside the mine influence. Soils are contaminated with As and U and must not be used for any purpose. Most waters have pH values ranging from 4.3 to 6.8 and are poorly mineralized (EC = 41-186 µS/cm; TDS = 33-172 mg/L). Groundwater contains the highest Cu, Cr and Pb contents. Arsenic occurs predominantly as H2(AsO4)- and H(AsO4)2-. Waters are saturated in goethite, haematite and some of them also in lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite, which adsorbs As (V). Lead is divalent in waters collected during the warm season, being mobile in these waters. Thorium occurs mainly as Th(OH)3(CO3)-, Th(OH)2(CO3) and Th(OH)2(CO3) 22- , which increase water Th contents. Uranium occurs predominantly as UO2CO3, but CaUO2(CO3) 32- and CaUO2(CO3)3 also occur, decreasing its mobility in water. The waters are contaminated in NO2-, Mn, Cu, As, Pb and U and must not be used for human consumption and in agricultural activities. The water contamination is mainly associated with the old radium mine and human activities. A restoration of the mining area with PTE monitoring is necessary to avoid a public hazard.Thanks are due to Prof. Joao Coutinho for the determination of organic matter and cation exchange capacity in samples of stream sediments and soils and A. Rodrigues for the water analyses, EDM for some information on the Alto da Varzea mine area. This study had the support of Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic projects UID/GEO/04035/2013 and UID/MAR/04292/2013 (MARE).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio