Trend Analysis Of Water Quality In Some Rivers With Different Degress Of Development Within The São Paulo State, Brazil

Time series of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, total phosphorus, chloride, ammonia and faecal coliforms (FC), monitored by CETESB ('Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental'), in the period from 1979 to 2001, were analysed in seven river basins located in the São Paulo State, one of the most developed regions in Brazil. The selected rivers, Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados and Alto Paranapanema have different degrees of development concerning industrial, agricultural and population growth. Trend analysis methodology was based on graphical exploratory analysis followed by confirmation through statistical tests. Results showed impoverishment of the water quality conditions in most of the studied basins, represented by the positive trends of the parameters (BOD, nitrogens, total phosphorus, clorate and FC) and negative trend of the parameter (DO). Among the analysed basins, the Piracicaba River is the most severely affected with higher variations in the magnitude followed by the basins of the Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe and Aguapeí Rivers. On the other hand, the Alto Paranapanema and São José dos Dourados basins are the least affected. 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The Influence Of Altered Occlusion On Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Levels In The Tmj Synovial Tissues Of Rats

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether altered occlusion affects both the condylar cartilage thickness and the cytokine levels of the TMJs of rats. Design Thirty adult-male rats (n = 30) were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: a control group that underwent sham operations with unaltered occlusion; an FPDM group that underwent functional posterior displacement of the mandible that was induced by an incisor guiding appliance; and an iOVD group in which the increased occlusal vertical dimension was induced in the molars. The rats were subjected to the FPDM or iOVD model for 14 days and then killed. Both the right and left TMJs were removed and randomly assigned to examination with staining or immunoassay techniques. Toluidine blue staining was used to measure the thicknesses of the four layers of the articular cartilage (i.e., the fibrous, proliferating, mature, and hypertrophic layers). ELISA assays were used to assess the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). The measurements of the articular cartilage layers and cytokine concentrations were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, respectively (α = 5%). Results The thickness of articular cartilage in the FPDM group (0.3 ± 0.03 mm) was significantly greater than those of the control (0.2 ± 0.01 mm) and iOVD (0.25 ± 0.03 mm) groups. No significant difference was observed between the control and iOVD groups. The four articular cartilage layers were thicker in the FPDM group than in the control and iOVD groups, and the latter two groups did not differ one from each other. Both the FPDM and iOVD groups exhibited higher cytokine levels than did the control (p < 0.05) group. Compared to the FPDM group, the iOVD group exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. 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Germinal matrix hemorrhage: intraventricular hemorrhage in very-low-birth-weight infants: the independent role of inherited thrombophilia

Background and Purpose- The etiology of germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) is multifactorial and the role of genetic polymorphisms is unclear. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate prothrombotic genetic mutations as independent risk factors for the development of all grades of GMH-IVH in very-low-birth-weight infants. Methods- The presence of both factor V Leiden and prothrombin gain-of-function gene mutations were prospectively assessed in 106 very-low-birth-weight infants. Infants with GMH-IVH were compared to those without GMH-IVH according to genetic and clinical characteristics. Results- Twenty-two out of 106 infants had GMH-IVH develop (20.7%). Infants with GMH-IVH had significantly lower gestational ages and birth weights. In the multivariate Poisson regression model, the prevalence of GMH-IVH appeared to be inversely related to gestational age, with a risk ratio of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72-0.97; P=0.02) per week. Risk ratio of GMH-IVH for carriers of either prothrombotic mutation was 2.65 (95% CI, 1.23-5.72; P=0.01), similar to the risk ratio associated with need for resuscitation at birth (2.30; 95% CI, 1.02-5.18; P=0.04). Conclusions- Very-low-birth-weight infants who are carriers for either prothrombotic mutations are at increased risk for development of GMH-IVH. Genetic factors act as independent risk factors of the same magnitude as other known risk factors. Copyrigh

Normal thrombin generation in neonates in spite of prolonged conventional coagulation tests

Conventional coagulation tests might be inadequate to explore mechanisms regulating thrombin generation in neonates, because they do not allow full activation of the reduced levels of protein C. Therefore, they do not reflect the action of pro- and anti-coagulants as does the endogenous thrombin potential assessed in the presence of thrombomodulin. Endogenous thrombin potential measured without thrombomodulin was greater than the lower-limit of the adult reference interval in 30% of 109 full-term and 49% of 55 pre-term neonates, a finding consistent with the reduced levels of procoagulants in this setting. When the test was modified adding thrombomodulin, endogenous thrombin potential reverted into the adult reference interval in 97% and 100% full-term and pre-term neonates. In conclusion, the coagulation balance in neonates is restored by the concomitant reduction of pro- and anticoagulants. The restored balanc