International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Oxidation Behaviour of an Yttria Dispersion Strengthened NiCr-Base Alloy

An yttria dispersion strengthened NiCr-base alloy was studied with respect to isothermal oxidation behaviour at 1000 degrees C and 1050 degrees C in high- and low-pO(2) gases, i.e. Ar-O-2 and Ai-(-H-2)-H2O. The scale growth kinetics, morphology and composition were studied by thermogravimetry in combination with SEM/EDX and SNMS. Due to Y doping the Surface scale is very protective and initially grows predominantly by inward oxygen diffusion. Local formation of mainly outwardly growing oxide nodules occurs after longer oxidation times and is related to metallic protrusions formed as a result of internal oxidation of the minor alloying addition aluminium. The differences in scale morphology in the various environments are related to the effect of the gas composition on scale grain size and on the relative amounts of inward scale growth. Possibly the pO(2) dependence of the Ti-solubility in the chromia scale and/or hydrogen doping of the oxide plays all additional role in the scale growth process

Measurement of Strain Localization Resulting from Monotonic and Cyclic Loading at 650 ∘C in Nickel Base Superalloys

International audienceA methodology is presented for the use of the oxide scale that develops in polycrystalline Ni-base super-alloys at service temperature, as a speckle pattern for μm-scale resolution strain measurements. Quantitative assessment of the heterogeneous strain field at the grain scale is performed by high-resolution SEM digital image correlation under monotonic and cyclic loading in polycrystalline Ni-base superalloys up to 650 • C. In the René 88DT superalloy, strain localization is observed near twin boundaries during low cycle fatigue (LCF) at intermediate temperatures, correlating with activation of {111}}110 and {111}}112 slip systems. A strong correlation between the microstruc-tural configuration that promotes strain localization during monotonic loading and crack initiation at 650 • C in low cycle fatigue was observed