Climate Change Leads to a Reduction in Symbiotic Derived Cnidarian Biodiversity on Coral Reefs

Symbiotic relationships enable partners to thrive and survive in habitats where they would either not be as successful, or potentially not exist, without the symbiosis. The coral reef ecosystem, and its immense biodiversity, relies on the symbioses between cnidarians (e.g., scleractinian corals, octocorals, sea anemones, jellyfish) and multiple organisms including dinoflagellate algae (family Symbiodiniaceae), bivalves, crabs, shrimps, and fishes. In this review, we discuss the ramifications of whether coral reef cnidarian symbioses are obligatory, whereby at least one of the partners must be in the symbiosis in order to survive or are facultative. Furthermore, we cover the consequences of cnidarian symbioses exhibiting partner flexibility or fidelity. Fidelity, where a symbiotic partner can only engage in symbiosis with a subset of partners, may be absolute or context dependent. Current literature demonstrates that many cnidarian symbioses are highly obligative and appear to exhibit absolute fidelity. Consequently, for many coral reef cnidarian symbioses, surviving changing environmental conditions will depend on the robustness and potential plasticity of the existing host-symbiont(s) combination. If environmental conditions detrimentally affect even one component of this symbiotic consortium, it may lead to a cascade effect and the collapse of the entire symbiosis. Symbiosis is at the heart of the coral reef ecosystem, its existence, and its high biodiversity. Climate change may cause the demise of some of the cnidarian symbioses, leading to subsequent reduction in biodiversity on coral reefs

Boundaries of Creativity: Thick or Thin Organization?

Semantic organization of knowledge has a long history in theories of creativity. Flexibility of thinking and distant connec-tions are indispensable elements of a creative network. Simultaneously, convergence of thoughts and evaluation of ideas areessential at many stages of the creative process. The current study evaluates these complementary aspects through the lensof an exploratory concept known as mental boundaries. Correlation analyses are used to compare flexible and rigid ten-dencies of organizing the world, the concepts of intellect, schizotypy, perfectionism, divergent thinking and self-perceivedcreativity. Results (n = 316) reveal an interesting contrasting pattern where divergent thinking is significantly related toflexible internal and external organizations, whereas self-perceived creativity is significantly related to rigid external andnon-significantly related to rigid internal organizations. The present findings have implications for the measurement ofcreativity and the identification of factors that facilitate the creative process

L'enseignement médical à l'université de Montréal : du modèle européen au modèle américain (1843-1980)

Cet article traite de la problématique de l'enseignement médical au Québec en fonction du développement et de la domination des modèles européens et américains aux xixe et xxe siècles. Il montre qu'au modèle clinique européen, qui constituait la référence générale du curriculum des études médicales durant tout le xixe siècle, s'est peu à peu substitué au xxe siècle un modèle américain d'enseignement de la médecine basée sur la formation scientifique et sur le développement des laboratoires mé..

Généalogie des représentations et attitudes face aux épidémies au Québec depuis le XIXe siècle

Généalogie des représentations et attitudes face aux épidémies au Québec depuis le XIX' siècleCet article présente certains paramètres historiques liés aux attitudes du milieu médical et des milieux populaires devant la contagion et les maladies contagieuses, dans la perspective d'une meilleure compréhension des craintes excessives suscitées par le sida. Les réflexions des auteurs sont alimentées à partir de l'évolution du concept de contagion au XIX' siècle et de ses implications sociales lors des campagnes hygiéniques au Québec durant les premières décennies du XXe siècle, notamment en ce qui a trait à la tuberculose et aux maladies vénériennes. Craintes excessives de la contagion, procédés de culpabilisation et attitudes de rejet et de stigmatisation du malade infecté s'apparentent étroitement à certains problèmes sociaux et éthiques que pose le sida.The Genealogy of Représentations and Attitudes Towards Epidémies in Québec since the 19th CenturyThis article présents various historical parameters which are linked to the attitudes of the général population and médical fïelds confronted with infectious and transmitted diseases in view of a better understanding of the excessive fears elicited by AIDS. The authors' reflections are based on the evolution of the concept of infection in the 19th century and ils social implications in campaigns of hygiene during the first decades of the present century, mainly with regard to tuberculosis and venerai diseases. Excessive fear of infection, guilt reactions and attitudes of rejection and stigmatization of the infected individual are closely related to various social and ethical problems raised by AIDS

Estrategias de desarrollo para el futuro de México

El ajuste estructural en las economías en proceso de desarrollo ha sido bastante estudiado. El reclamo de los países pobres por un Nuevo Orden Económico Internacional se convirtió en una necesidad —estricta condicionalidad impuesta por los países acreedores en relación directa con la crisis de la deuda externa de llevar a cabo reformas internas de carácter estructural. El término no tiene una definición estricta. Mejorar las cuentas fiscales, abrir la economía al exterior y estimular las exportaciones, reducir subsidios, alentar al sector privado y a la inversión extranjera, adelgazar el tamaño del gobierno, privatizar, son ahora recetas de aplicación general y sin consideración clara con el estado del paciente.ITESO, A.C