United States Copper Companies, the State, and Labour Conflict in Mexico, 1900-1910

Article explores worker strikes in the Mexican copper industry, incorporating elemetns of both traditional interpretations, emphasizing the activities as precursor to the Mexican Revolution, and revisionist interpretations presenting the strikes as industrial disputes without revolutionary pretensions

Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in Peru in the late Nineteenth Century

Examines Chinese plantation workers' transition from indentured servitude to wage labor in Peru of the late nineteenth century, providing detailed anlaysis of labour conditions in the Condor and Sana Valleys

Imagining Mexico in 1910: Visions of the Patria in the Centennial Celebration in Mexico City

Mexico’s 1910 Centenario reflected a popular trend in Western Europe and its former colonies to use centenaries of important historical events to promote political programmes and philosophies through the construction of historical memory. Centennial organisers in Mexico linked Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose´ Maria Morelos to President Porfirio Dı´az in words and symbols, and associated state formation and civic culture with Liberal leaders and policies, such as public education, material progress and secularism. The planners also promoted Morelos as a mestizo icon and symbol for national identity and integration, while they simultaneously celebrated Mexico’s pre-Columbian cultures and criticised contemporary natives as impediments to progress. The Centennial’s audience included hundreds of thousands of Mexicans as well as foreigners from around the globe, who came away with different impressions based on their cultural perspectives, political philosophies and material interests. Following the overthrow of Dı´az in 1911, Mexico’s revolutionary governments continued to use Independence Day celebrations to promote their programmes, including some whose origins lay in the Porfiriato. As we approach the bicentenary of Latin American independence, competing visions of patrias will likely surface and provide insights into the construction of historical memory and contemporary political discourse

Capitalist Agriculture and Labour Contracting in Northern Peru, 1880-1905

Article argues that the process of enganche, or the procurement of native highlanders to labor in coastal Peruvian sugar plantations, stemmed in the period 1880-1905 from elements of coercion and violence, as well as capital incentives

Planters and Politics in Peru, 1895-1919

Article explores Peruvian political development in the period 1895-1919, with a focus on the activities of the Civilistas Party, Guillermo Billinghurst, and Augusto B. Leguia.Research for this article was funded by a Ford Foundation Fellowship in 1974-5 and by a Fulbright Fellowship in autumn 1987

Examining the Potential of Vitamin C Supplementation in Tissue-Engineered Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Constructs

Because equine tendinopathies are slow to heal and often recur, therapeutic strategies are being considered that aid tendon repair. Given the success of utilizing vitamin C to promote tenogenesis in other species, we hypothesized that vitamin C supplementation would produce dose-dependent improvements in the tenogenic properties of tendon proper (TP) and peritenon (PERI) cells of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Equine TP- and PERI-progenitor-cell-seeded fibrin three-dimensional constructs were supplemented with four concentrations of vitamin C. The gene expression profiles of the constructs were assessed with 3\u27-Tag-Seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); collagen content and fibril ultrastructure were also analyzed. Moreover, cells were challenged with dexamethasone to determine the levels of cytoprotection afforded by vitamin C. Expression profiling demonstrated that vitamin C had an anti-inflammatory effect on TP and PERI cell constructs. Moreover, vitamin C supplementation mitigated the degenerative pathways seen in tendinopathy and increased collagen content in tendon constructs. When challenged with dexamethasone in two-dimensional culture, vitamin C had a cytoprotective effect for TP cells but not necessarily for PERI cells. Future studies will explore the effects of vitamin C on these cells during inflammation and within the tendon niche in vivo

Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases glucose production in vivo via effects on liver glycogenolysis and glucose-6-phosphatase activity

Recent evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can induce impairments in both insulin secretion and insulin action. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ER stress on glucose production in vivo. Fasted rats were anesthetized and catheters were placed in the carotid artery, jugular vein, and jejunal vein. A pancreatic clamp was performed in which somatostatin was infused to inhibit pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. These hormones were then replaced at basal levels. To examine the effects of ER stress on glucose production, 6,6-2H2 Glucose was infused in the absence (CON, n =4) or presence of jejunal vein tunicamycin delivery (TUN, n =6). TUN induces ER stress through inhibition of protein glycosylation. Arterial insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, and free fatty acid concentrations were constant throughout experiments and were not different between groups. Glucose concentration and production increased by 76.2+-24.2 mg/dl and 2.6+-1.2 mg/kg/min (mean+-SDEV), respectively, in TUN, but did not change in CON. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase mRNA were not different between groups. Liver, but not kidney, G6Pase activity (nmoles/mg protein/30min) was increased in TUN (7.2+-2.1) vs. CON (0.2+-0.3). Liver glycogen concentration was reduced by 62% in TUN vs. CON. These data suggest that experimental induction of ER stress can increase the production of glucose in vivo, in part, via activation of hepatic glycogenolysis and G6Pase.College Honors

Concomitant occurrence of FXTAS and clinically defined sporadic inclusion body myositis: report of two cases.

This report describes unique presentations of inclusion body myositis (IBM) in two unrelated patients, one male and one female, with genetically and histologically confirmed fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). We summarize overlapping symptoms between two disorders, clinical course, and histopathological analyses of the two patients with FXTAS and sporadic IBM, clinically defined per diagnostic criteria of the European Neuromuscular Centre. In case 1, a post-mortem analysis of available brain and muscle tissues is also described. Histopathological features (rimmed vacuoles) consistent with clinically defined IBM were detected in both presented cases. Postmortem testing in case 1 revealed the presence of an FMR1 premutation allele of 60 CGG repeats in both brain and skeletal muscle samples. Case 2 was a premutation carrier with 71 CGG repeats who had a son with FXS. Given that FXTAS is associated with immune-mediated disorders among premutation carriers, it is likely that the pathogeneses of IBM and FXTAS are linked. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of these two conditions presenting together, which expands our understanding of clinical symptoms and unusual presentations in patients with FXTAS. Following detection of a premutation allele of the FMR1 gene, FXTAS patients with severe muscle pain should be assessed for IBM