Protein Extracted From Castor Bean (ricinus Communis L.) Cake In High Ph Results In Films With Improved Physical Properties

Castor bean plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a very important crop worldwide because it can be produced under severe climate conditions. Also, it gained importance last year because of the increasing industrial demand of biodiesel. The objective of this study was to study the effect of the pH (10, 11 and 12) of extraction of proteins from castor bean cake on some physical properties of films based on these proteins modified by tannin. Increasing pH improved the protein extraction yield without affecting their amino acid profile. The films prepared using these proteins by casting process showed a structural matrix sufficiently cohesive, intense total color difference (δ. E*. = 83-85) and relatively high opacity (8-15%). The values of tensile strength, elongation at break, Young Modulus, water vapor permeability and hydrophobicity of films were affected by the protein extraction pH. The protein extraction in pH. = 12 resulted in more rigid, more resistant, with enhanced extensibility, a lower rate of water diffusion and less hydrophilic films. The films showed homogeneous surfaces and dense internal microstructure. FT-IR spectra of all films showed characteristic bands and peaks typical of proteins with no differences in positions and intensity due to pH variations. It is possible to produce films from proteins extracted from castor bean cake by casting process. These films may be used in agriculture, specifically for planting seedlings. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.61217224(2005) Official Methods of Analysis, , AOAC Virginia, USAAyhllon-Meixueiro, F., Vaca-Garcia, C., Silvestre, F., Biodegradable films from isolate of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) proteins (2000) J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, pp. 3032-3036Bamdad, F., Goli, A.H., Kadivar, M., Preparation and characterization of proteinous film from lentil (Lens culinaris) (2006) Food Res. 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Incremento, ingresso e mortalidade em uma floresta de contato ombrófila aberta/estacional em Marcelândia, Estado do Mato Grosso Increment, entry and mortality in a open/seasonal ombrophilous contact forest into Marcelândia, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar o incremento em diâmetro, área basal e volume, o ingresso e a mortalidade de uma floresta ombrófila aberta/estacional no município de Marcelândia. Os dados são provenientes de 69 parcelas permanentes instaladas e medidas em 2001 e remedidas em 2003 e 2007. Foram avaliados o número de indivíduos e os incrementos em diâmetro, área basal e volume para o período de 2001 a 2007. O ingresso foi determinado como sendo as árvores que atingiram ou ultrapassaram o diâmetro de 17 cm. A mortalidade foi calculada pela soma de todas as árvores com diâmetro igual ou superior a 17 cm encontradas mortas em cada medição. No período considerado de seis anos, teve como resultado para o incremento em diâmetro, área basal e volume respectivamente, 0,34 cm; 0,22 m².ha-1 e 2,11 m³.ha-1. Os valores médios para as taxas de mortalidade e ingresso foram, respectivamente, 0,78% e 0,30%.<br>This research aimed to study the increase in diameter, basal area, volume, the entry, and the mortality of an open/seasonal ombrophilous forest in the city of Marcelândia. Data were collected in 69 permanent plots established in 2001 and remeasured in 2003 and 2007. The number of individuals and the increases in diameter, basal area, and volume for the period 2001 to 2007 were evaluated. The entry was determined by the trees that have reached or exceeded a diameter of 17 cm. Mortality was calculated as the sum of all found dead trees in each measurement with a diameter equal or more than 17 cm. In the considered period of six years, the results to the increase in diameter, basal area, and volume were respectively, 0.34 cm, 0.22 m².ha-1, and 2.11 m³.ha-1. The average values for the mortality rates and entry respectively were 0.78% and 0.30%