Structured lipids: alternatives for the production of human milk fat substitutes

Human milk has characteristics of great importance for the newborn. Its composition shows all nutrients in quantity and quality needed, in addition to providing protection against infections and allergies and stimulating the immune system. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids and their distribution in the triacylglycerols are targets of studies on infant formula, and the triacylglycerols of human milk fat should serve as a model for the lipid components. This review aims to report studies of technology in lipids in order to produce structured lipids as substitutes of human milk fat

Modified lipids obtained from milk fat, sunflower oil, and phytosterol esters for application in tablespreads

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the modifications in milkfat properties with the addition of sunflower oil (SO) and phytosterol esters (PE) and chemical interesterification. Fatty acid composition, softening point and consistency were determined. The saturation degree of milkfat decreased with the addition of SO and PE. Consequently, milkfat presented lower softening point and consistency. Chemical interesterification caused an increase in softening point due to the formation of higher amounts of trissaturated triacylglycerols with rearrangement. The incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids from SO and PE by milkfat triacylglycerols after chemical reaction caused linearization of consistency curves.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Stereospecific distribution of structured lipids obtained from palm oil, palm kernel oil, and medium chain triacylglycerols

Por meio de interesterificação química foram sintetizados lipídios estruturados a partir das gorduras de palma, palmiste e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a distribuição estereoespecífica dos ácidos graxos nos lipídios estruturados. Foi possível comprovar a ocorrência da interesterificação através da hidrólise enzimática, que permitiu conhecer a composição dos ácidos graxos em posições específicas dos triacilgliceróis. Foram estudadas 10 amostras, representadas por 3 amostras individuais, 3 misturas binárias e 4 misturas ternárias. As amostras foram submetidas à hidrólise com lipase pancreática suína à temperatura de 40 ºC e posteriormente analisadas por cromatografia gasosa quanto à composição em ácidos graxos na posição sn-2. A partir dos resultados foram calculados os grupos de triacilgliceróis nas amostras individuais e nas misturas antes e após a reação de interesterificação, utilizando as teorias 1,3-random 2-random e 1,2,3-random. Os resultados demonstraram que antes do rearranjo ao acaso houve preferência do ácido oléico pela posição sn-2, enquanto que os ácidos palmítico e esteárico distribuíram-se principalmente pelas posições sn-1 e sn-3. Nos lipídios estruturados, os ácidos graxos saturados aumentaram sua participação na posição central do triacilglicerol, enquanto que os ácidos graxos insaturados apresentaram diminuição nesta mesma posição.Structured lipids were synthesized by chemical interesterification from palm oil, palm kernel oil, and medium chain triacylglycerols. The objective of this study was to verify the fatty acids positional distribution in the structured lipids. It was possible to confirm the interesterification occurrence through enzymatic hydrolysis, which allowed to know the fatty acids composition in specific positions of the triacylglycerols. Ten samples composed by three individual samples, three binary mixtures and four ternary mixtures were studied. The samples were hydrolyzed with swine pancreatic lipase at 40ºC and then analyzed for the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. From the experimental results, the groups of triacylglycerols in the individual samples and in the mixtures, obtained before and after the interesterification reaction, were calculated. The 1,3random, 2-random and the 1,2,3-random theories were utilized. The results showed that before the random rearrangement, oleic acid was mainly esterified to the sn2 position, whereas palmitic and stearic acids were mainly distributed at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. The saturated fatty acids in the structured lipids increased their participation in the triacylglycerol central position, whereas the unsaturated fatty acids were decreased at the same position

Consistencia de lípidos estructurados a partir de aceite de pescado y grasa de palmiste

Through interesterification of oils and fats is possible to obtain structured lipids (SL), which are considered functional foods, due their potential effects on the prevention of diseases. For this reason, there is great interest in the production of SL. The objective of this paper was to obtain structured lipids from chemical interesterification from palm kernel fat and fish oil and to analyse the interactions that occur in the binary mixtures of these lipids. Six samples consisting of two individual samples and four binary mixtures were studied. The samples were analyzed for fatty acid composition and consistency at the range temperature from 5 to 25ºC. A mathematical model of multiple regression of the quadratic type was applied. The results showed that the interactions between the two components were significant. The consistency depended on the palm kernel fat and on the binary interactions between palm kernel fat and fish oil. The negative coefficients to the consistency showed an antagonic effect which is characteristic of eutectic interactions between fats.Por medio de la interesterificación de mezclas de aceites y grasas, es posible obtener lípidos estructurados (SL), los cuales son considerados como alimentos funcionales por presentar gran potencial en la prevención de diversas enfermedades. Por esta razón, existe un gran interés en la producción de SL. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener lípidos estructurados por interesterificación química a partir de grasa de palmiste y aceite de pescado y analizar las interacciones que ocurrieron en las mezclas binárias de los lípidos. Fueron estudiadas seis muestras, representadas por dos muestras individuales y cuatro mezclas binárias. Las muestras fueron analizadas en cuanto a su composición de ácidos grasos y consistencia en el rango de temperaturas de 5 a 25ºC. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión múltiple del tipo cuadrático. Los resultados demostraron que las interacciones entre los dos componentes fueron significativas. La consistencia dependió de la grasa de palmiste y de las interacciones entre ellos. Los coeficientes negativos para la consistencia mostraron efecto antagónico, que es característico de las interacciones eutécticas entre las grasas