The Conserved G-Protein Coupled Receptor FSHR-1 Regulates Protective Host Responses to Infection and Oxidative Stress

The innate immune system’s ability to sense an infection is critical so that it can rapidly respond if pathogenic microorganisms threaten the host, but otherwise maintain a quiescent baseline state to avoid causing damage to the host or to commensal microorganisms. One important mechanism for discriminating between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria is the recognition of cellular damage caused by a pathogen during the course of infection. InCaenorhabditis elegans, the conserved G-protein coupled receptor FSHR-1 is an important constituent of the innate immune response. FSHR-1 activates the expression of antimicrobial infection response genes in infected worms and delays accumulation of the ingested pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa. FSHR-1 is central not only to the worm’s survival of infection by multiple pathogens, but also to the worm’s survival of xenobiotic cadmium and oxidative stresses. Infected worms produce reactive oxygen species to fight off the pathogens; FSHR-1 is required at the site of infection for the expression of detoxifying genes that protect the host from collateral damage caused by this defense response. Finally, the FSHR-1 pathway is important for the ability of worms to discriminate pathogenic from benign bacteria and subsequently initiate an aversive learning program that promotes selective pathogen avoidance

XMM instrument on-board software maintenance concept

While the pre-launch responsibility for the production, validation and maintenance of instrument on-board software traditionally lies with the experimenter, the post-launch maintenance has been the subject of ad hoc arrangements with the responsibility shared to different extent between the experimenter, ESTEC and ESOC. This paper summarizes the overall design and development of the instruments on-board software for the XMM satellite, and describes the concept adopted for the maintenance of such software post-launch. The paper will also outline the on-board software maintenance and validation facilities and the expected advantages to be gained by the proposed strategy. Conclusions with respect to adequacy of this approach will be presented as well as recommendations for future instrument on-board software developments

Effect of Cover Crops on Nitrogen Uptake, Soil Water Content and Biomass Production in a Short Rotation Poplar Plantation

The agricultural production of biomass for energy-giving uses is attracting increasing interest particularly in relation to the possibility of reducing the use of fossil fuels and thereby limiting the emission of greenhouse gases. However one of the barriers to wider development of biomass energy sources is the lack of information about the environmental impacts on the landscape of increasing production of biomass crops. In the first growth phases as in the subsequent harvesting stages, the risks of erosion can become considerable due to the absence of any sort of protective canopy. In this case resorting to the use of cover crops can represent a useful agronomic measure since it provides and maintains a suitable ground covering, above all in the winter months when leaf fall exposes the soil to rain action. The aim of the present work was to evaluate some of the agronomic effects of the planting of two different species of cover crops, the legume Trifolium subterraneum L. and the grass Lolium perenne L. in a closely spaced forestry plantation

Charge carrier interaction with a purely electronic collective mode: Plasmarons and the infrared response of elemental bismuth

We present a detailed optical study of single crystal bismuth using infrared reflectivity and ellipsometry. Colossal changes in the plasmon frequency are observed as a function of temperature due to charge transfer between hole and electron Fermi pockets. In the optical conductivity, an anomalous temperature dependent mid-infrared absorption feature is observed. An extended Drude model analysis reveals that it can be connected to a sharp upturn in the scattering rate, the frequency of which exactly tracks the temperature dependent plasmon frequency. We interpret this absorption and increased scattering as the first direct optical evidence for a charge carrier interaction with a collective mode of purely electronic origin; here electron-plasmon scattering. The observation of a \emph{plasmaron} as such is made possible only by the unique coincidence of various energy scales and exceptional properties of semi-metal bismuth.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Isolated photon production in pppp collisions at forward rapidities and high multiplicity events

The production of isolated photons in high multiplicity events is investigated considering the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) formalism. The associated cross-section for proton - proton collisions is estimated considering three distinct solutions of the Balitsky - Kovchegov (BK) equation and predictions for the normalized photon yield as a function of the multiplicities of co - produced charged particles are presented. We predict the increasing of the yield with the multiplicity, with the slope being smaller for larger rapidities. As the isolated photon production is not affected by the fragmentation process, a future experimental investigation of this process in current high energy hadronic colliders is ideal to test the treatment of high multiplicity events using the CGC formalism, previously applied only for the production of hadronic final states.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. Improved version published in European Physical Journal

On the Mechanical Energy Involved in the Catastrophic Rupture of Liquid Hydrogen Tanks

Hydrogen can play a central role in the energy transition thanks to its unique properties. However, its low density is one of the main drawbacks. The liquefaction process can drastically increase its density up to virtually 71 kg m-3 at atmospheric pressure and -253°C (NIST, 2019). The safety knowledge gap on physical explosions is still broad in the case of liquid hydrogen (LH2). For instance, it is unclear what are the consequences yields as well as the probabilities of a catastrophic rupture of an LH2 tank. A boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) might arise after this top event. In this case, the expansion of the compressed gaseous phase is followed by the flashing of a fraction of the liquid. Moreover, combustion may occur for hydrogen since it is highly flammable. This complex phenomenon was not widely explored for LH2 yet. This study focused on the physical explosion by also considering the combustion process. Many integral models were adopted to estimate the mechanical energy developed by the explosion. The tank pressure prior to the rupture was considered below the critical one (1.298 MPa (NIST, 2019)). It was assumed that both liquid and gaseous phases are present inside the tank. The influences of the filling degree of the tank (liquid level) and the temperatures of the liquid and gaseous phases on the explosion energy were analysed. The results were compared with the ones of a previous study where similar models were employed to estimate the mechanical energy of an LH2 tank with different initial conditions (Ustolin et al., 2020a). In particular, the effect of the combustion process on the explosion energy and shock wave overpressure was not accounted for. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparison between different models and assess which are the most and the least conservative. The outcomes of this work provide critical suggestions on the consequence analysis of cryogenic liquefied gas vessels explosions

Primary antiphospholipid syndrome during aromatase inhibitors therapy: A case report and review of the literature

RATIONALE: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs widely used in the treatment of estrogen sensitive breast and ovarian cancer which convert testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrogen. The AIs of third generation, including anastrazole, letrozole and exemestane, have actually become the standard of care of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer in menopausal women and are recommended as adjuvant treatment after surgery in place of/or following tamoxifen. Their main side-effects include reduction in bone mineral density, occurrence of menopausal manifestations and development of musculoskeletal symptoms which are, usually, transient, but sometimes evolve into a typical form of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, a pathogenic linkage with other autoimmunity diseases, such as Sjogren syndrome (SjS), anti-synthetase antibody syndrome (ASAS), systemic sclerosis (SS) and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), was also described. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here, we report the first case of a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) developed during treatment with anastrazole. DIAGNOSIS: The patient developed a sudden onset of speech disturbance and disorientation, due to ischemic lesions, after 6 months of AIs therapy and the laboratory examination showed the positivity of anti-Cardiolipin antibodies, anti-\u3b22 Glycoprotein 1 antibodies and Lupus Anticoagulant, so a certain diagnosis of APS was achieved. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treated with warfarin associated to hydroxychloroquine and monthly cycles of low doses intravenous immunoglobulins. OUTCOMES: A good control of the disease was obtained despite the continuation of anastrazole; the patient's clinical and laboratory situation remained not modified after AIs withdrawal. LESSONS: We discussed the possible role of anastrazole treatment in inducing APS in our patient, reporting the available literature data about the association between AIs treatment and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, we analyzed the mechanism of action of estrogens in the pathophysiology of autoimmune rheumatic disorder

Magnetic glassy phase in FeSeTe single crystals

The evolution of the magnetic order in FeSeTe crystals as a function of Se content was investigated by means of ac/dc magnetometry and muon-spin spectroscopy. Experimental results and self-consistent DFT calculations both indicate that muons are implanted in vacant iron-excess sites, where they probe a local field mainly of dipolar origin, resulting from an antiferromagnetic (AFM) bicollinear arrangement of iron spins. This long-range AFM phase disorders progressively with increasing Se content. At the same time all the tested samples manifest a marked glassy character that vanishes for high Se contents. The presence of local electronic/compositional inhomogeneities most likely favours the growth of clusters whose magnetic moment "freezes" at low temperature. This glassy magnetic phase justifies both the coherent muon precession seen at short times in the asymmetry data, as well as the glassy behaviour evidenced by both dc and ac magnetometry.Comment: Approved for publication in J. Phys.: Condens. Matte

In-plane optical spectral weight transfer in optimally doped Bi2_{2}Sr2_{2}Ca2_{2}Cu3_{3}O10_{10}

We examine the redistribution of the in-plane optical spectral weight in the normal and superconducting state in tri-layer \bbb (Bi2223) near optimal doping ($T_c$ = 110 K) on a single crystal via infrared reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry. We report the temperature dependence of the low-frequency integrated spectral weight $W(\Omega_c)$ for different values of the cutoff energy $\Omega_c$. Two different model-independent analyses consistently show that for $\Omega_c$ = 1 eV, which is below the charge transfer gap, $W(\Omega_c)$ increases below $T_c$, implying the lowering of the kinetic energy of the holes. This is opposite to the BCS scenario, but it follows the same trend observed in the bi-layer compound \bb (Bi2212). The size of this effect is larger in Bi2223 than in Bi2212, approximately scaling with the critical temperature. In the normal state, the temperature dependence of $W(\Omega_c)$ is close to $T^2$ up to 300 K