Synthesis of 2-azidoethyl α-d-mannopyranoside orthogonally protected and selective deprotections

4 páginas, 1 figura, 2 esquemas.We present the synthesis of a fully orthogonally protected mannosyl glycoside 1 and the corresponding methods for selective deprotections. Mannosyl glycoside 1 contains a functionalized linker at the anomeric position to allow for the attachment of carbohydrate units to scaffolds in order to prepare carbohydrate multivalent systems.We would like to thank FIS (PI030093), for financial supportPeer reviewe

Place of computed tomography in pancreatic disease. Comparison with other radiological methods

Specific and non-specific signs of chronic pancreatitis, pseudocyst, pancreatic tumor and pancreatic emergencies are analyzed in a series of 100 cases of surgically controlled pancreatic disease studied with CT. The CT results are compared with those obtained with other radiological methods (plain film of the abdomen; upper G. I. tract examination; cholangiography; ERCP; angiography), in order to define the role of CT in the diagnostic protocol of pancreatic disease. The authors conclude from their personal experience that CT in pancreatic disease has provided a substantial improvement in diagnostic possibilities and has found its specific position in the diagnostic protocol

Computed tomography of the adrenal glands

Computed tomographies (CT) of 100 patients without evidence of adrenal disease were reviewed to evaluate percentage of identification, shape, location of normal adrenal glands. The presonal series of 30 patients with adrenal disease (11 with non-functioning pathology, 19 with functioning pathology) was then analysed in order to determine the diagnostic possibilities of this new technique. CT scan was useful for identification of small tumors not detected by conventional examinations; for screening between liquid and solid masses; for assessment of extra-adrenal spread of malignant tumors. In the field of adrenal diseases CT scan, completed by other non-invasive techniques, reduced the utilization of angiography

[Digital radiography of the thorax with selenium detector. Clinical results and optimization potential of the technique]

INTRODUCTION: We compared the image quality of the chest radiograph obtained with a digital selenium detector and with a conventional system and investigated the possible improvements in the digital technique resulting from kilovoltage (kV) lowering, antiscattering grid addition and image format reduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 150 subjects in the first series were submitted to posteroanterior chest radiography with both the selenium and the conventional systems. Image quality was compared by giving a score to the depiction of anatominal and pathologic findings. Thirty-two and 31 subjects from two other series were submitted to two digital chest radiographs each: the former at high (150) and low (90) kV, and the latter at 150 kV with the antiscattering grid and at 90 kV without the grid. Comparisons were made by choosing the better of the two images of each subjects. A score was given to the depiction quality of several difficult-to-detect findings in full-size and small-size format digital images obtained in another series of 27 subjects. RESULTS: As for anatomical detailing, digital selenium images were of much better quality than conventional images: the mean scores given by 3 observers to digital images (5.32; 5.55; 6.68) are higher than those given to the corresponding conventional images (4.49; 5.02; 5.81) and the difference is statistically significant (p < 0.001 in all cases). The advantage of digital over conventional images is also significant with reference to diagnostic confidence in the identification of pathologic findings (p < 0.001; p < 0.005; p < 0.01), but to a lessere extent (mean scores: 3.98; 4.22; 3.60 for the digital system, versus 3.43; 3.69; 3.38 for the conventional system). The digital images acquired at lower kV (90 kV) were much more frequently chosen by the two observes (87.5% and 96.8% of cases) than the images acquired at 150 kV; the entry dose at lower energies (91 muGy using an anthropomorphic phantom) is not significantly higher than the dose given at 150 kV (85 muGy). No significant difference was found in the two observers' choice between the digital images taken at 90 kV without antiscattering grid and those taken at 150 kV with the grid, the former being preferred in 38.7% and 58% of cases. The level of diagnostic confidence in the detailing of difficult-to-detect findings was slightly higher in full-size digital images (mean scores: 5.33 and 6.77) than in small-size ones (4.88 and 5.96). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Digital selenium images always exibit better quality than conventional images: the difference is very marked relative to anatomical detailing and not so striking, though still significant, in showing pathologic findings. Digital selenium image quality can be improved relative to the manufacturer's guidelines (150 kV exposure with no grid), by lowering the kV and adding the antiscattering grid, without increasing patient exposure too much. Digital image format reduction allows cost containment without affecting diagnostic reliability

Real-time reading in mammography breast screening.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to assess the role of real-time reading in the mammography screening programme carried out at the Hospital of Marzana, Verona, Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the 5-year period 1999-2004, 54,472 women attended the screening programme (32,291 first calls: unadjusted uptake 41.4\%, adjusted uptake 50.3\%; 21,551 2- year routine recalls: unadjusted uptake 86.4\%, adjusted uptake 89.9\%). Further diagnostic investigations [(FDI), imaging and cytohistological] were performed immediately after real-time reading of the screening mammograms (FDI rate among first calls 10.9\%; FDI rate among 2-year recalls 5.4\%). Overall, cytohistological FDI were requested in 27\% of imaging FDI, with a clear prevalence of cytological [fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) 87\%] over histological procedures [core needle biopsy (CNB) 11\%; vacuum aspiration biopsy (VAB) 2\%]. RESULTS: Imaging FDI proved to be conclusive in 73\%. Cytohistological FDI led to the use of surgical biopsy (SB) in 39.5\% (ratio between benign and malignant SB: 0.19/first calls, 0.14/2-year recalls). There were a total of 427 screen-detected breast cancers (BC), with a very good breast cancer detection rate (BCDR/first calls 9.7 per thousand; BCDR/2-year recalls 5.1 per thousand). In the 427 screen-detected BC, the incidence of pTis, pT1a,b cancers was 59.6\% (diagnostic anticipation); the incidence of pN0 cancers was 61.2\%; the incidence of conservative surgical procedures was 78.6\%. In interval cancers, the false negative rate was 8.3\% only, whereas the proportional incidence was very low indeed (14\% first year; 38\% second year). CONCLUSIONS: The high sensitivity exhibited by the Marzana mammography screening programme suggests that the value of real-time reading should be validated by other programmes adopting a similar approach

Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall: radiologic findings

PURPOSE: To determine the radiologic characteristics of cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall and chronic pancreatitis underwent ultrasonography (US) (n = 10), computed tomography (CT) (n = 10), endoscopic US (n = 5), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n = 9). Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall was classified as either cystic or solid. The imaging findings were retrospectively analyzed and compared with findings at pancreatoduodenectomy (n = 10). RESULTS: The more frequent cystic type (n = 7) of cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall was characterized by the presence of easily recognizable cystic lesions (diameter, more than 1 cm), located within the thickened wall of the second portion of the duodenum. The solid type (n = 3) of cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall demonstrated fibrous thickening of the duodenal wall within which small cysts (diameter, less than 1 cm) were present. The intraduodenal cysts were usually elongated or bilobate with a thick wall. The thickening of the duodenal wall appeared as a solid layer between the duodenal lumen and the pancreas, hypoechoic at US, isoattenuating at unenhanced CT, and hypoattenuating in the early phase (after initiation of infusion of contrast material) and isoattenuating in the late phase (after completion of infusion) at contrast material-enhanced CT. Findings at retrospective analysis of CT and endoscopic US images were characteristic. CONCLUSION: Imaging modalities, notably CT and endoscopic US, helped establish the diagnosis of cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall