Desempenho de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo alimentados com rações contendo complexo enzimático

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de um complexo enzimático em dietas para tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) sobre o desempenho, a composição química da carcaça e a qualidade da água. Foram utilizados 200 alevinos revertidos (4,57 ± 1,24 g), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 20 tanques de 500 litros, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, considerando a unidade experimental uma caixa com dez peixes. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0; 0,033; 0,066 ou 0,099% de complexo enzimático. As dietas foram processadas na forma peletizada e fornecidas quatro vezes ao dia, às 8, 11, 14 e 17 h. Os valores médios de pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, fósforo total, amônia e nitrato da água de cultivo não foram influenciados pela dieta. A inclusão do complexo enzimático na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso, as taxas de sobrevivência e de crescimento específico, mas influenciou o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar, cujos valores foram maiores nos peixes alimentados com a dieta com 0,066% de complexo enzimático. Não foram observadas diferenças nos teores de matéria seca, umidade, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, cálcio e fósforo na carcaça dos peixes, no entanto, o teor de extrato etéreo reduziu de forma linear com o aumento do nível de complexo enzimático. A utilização de complexo enzimático (amilase, protease, celulase, lipase, pectinase, xilanase, β-glucanase e fitase) no nível de 0,066% em dietas para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo piora a conversão alimentar, mas não influencia o desempenho e a composição corporal dos peixes.The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of an enzimatic complex in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on performance, carcass chemical composition as well as water quality. The experiment was performed in 62 days. It was used two hundred reverted fingerlings (14.57 ± 1.24 g) distributed in a complete randomized design in 20 500 L-tanks with four treatments and five replicates, considering a box with 10 fish as a experimental unit. The fish were fed diets containing 0; 0.033; 0.066 and 0.099% of enzimatic complex. The diets were processed in peletized way and supplied four times a day (8:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.) The pH average values, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, total phosphorus, ammonia and water nitrate of the cultivation were not influenced by the inclusion of the enzimatic complexin the diet. The inclusion of enzymatic complex in the diet did not affect weight gain, survival, and specific growing rate; however, it affected diet consumption and food conversion, whose values were greater for fish fed 0.066% of enzimatic complex diet. No differences were observed on dry matter, humidity, crude protein, mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus in the fish carcass, nevertheless, the ether extract decreased linearly as the level of enzymatic complex increased. The utilization of enzimatic complex (amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase, pectinase, xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase) at the level of 0.066% for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) worsens food conversion but does not influence performance and body composition of the fish

Implementation Model For The Management Functions Of The Rm-odp

This paper presents an implementation model for the management functions of the Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP), where distributed applications can be structured into capsules, clusters and basic engineering objects. A prototype of this model for the Sun OS environments, developed at UNICAMP - University of Campinas, is described.929

Cogtra: A Deployable Mechanism For Cognitive Transmission Rate Adaptation In Ieee 802.11 Networks

Wireless local area networks have become vastly popular, and IEEE 802.11 is the chosen standard for almost all wireless devices. This standard specifies several modulation and channel coding techniques that must be implemented by all wireless interfaces to adapt to changes in wireless channels. As a result, these interfaces support multiple transmission data rates. However, this standard does not define how to dynamically select the appropriate data rate; instead, manufacturers can design and implement their own algorithms. Although several solutions have been proposed in the literature, only a few are used in practice. Moreover, their performance is still limited to specific conditions, such as highly dynamic environments. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces CogTRA, which is a deployable mechanism built upon an existing cognitive framework called CogProt. Due to its self-adjustment functionality, CogTRA can work not only in stable but also in dynamic environments. It was implemented in the OpenWrt Linux distribution for embedded devices and evaluated through experiments using real network equipment. The results underline performance benefits with respect to existing data rate adaptation algorithms, with CogTRA exhibiting better performance especially in such dynamic networks. © 2013 The Brazilian Computer Society.194493510(2007) IEEE Standard For Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-local and Metropolitan Area Networks-specific Requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, , 802.11-2007, Technical report. IEEE Computer Society, New York. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2007. 373646. Revision of IEEE Std. 802.11-1999Ancillotti, E., Bruno, R., Conti, M., Experimentation and performance evaluation of rate adaptation algorithms in wireless mesh networks (2008) PE-WASUN: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium On Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous, Networks, pp. 7-14. , doi:10.1145/1454609.1454612Biaz, S., Wu, S., Rate adaptation algorithms for IEEE 802.11 networks: A survey and comparison (2008) ISCC: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium On Computers And, Communications, pp. 130-136. , doi:10.1109/ISCC.2008.4625680Bicket, J.C., (2005) Bit-rate Selection In Wireless Networks, , http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/jbicket-ms.pdf, Master's thesis. Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MassachusettsBoyd, J.R., (1995) The Essence of Wining and Losing, , http://pogoarchives.org/m/dni/john_boyd_compendium/essence_of_winning_losing.pdfChaves, L., Malheiros, N., Madeira, E., Garcia, I., Kliazovich, D., A cognitive rate adaptation mechanism for wireless networks (2009) MACE: Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop On Modelling Autonomic Communication Environments, pp. 58-71. , Springer, Berlin, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-05006-0_5CogProt-the Cognitive Framework, , http://www.lrc.ic.unicamp.br/, cogprotCogTRA-cognitive Transmission Rate Adaptation For OpenWrt, , http://code.google.com/p/cogtraChen, X., Gangwal, P., Qiao, D., Ram: Rate adaptation in mobile environments (2012) IEEE Trans Mobile Comput, 11 (3), pp. 464-477. , doi:10.1109/TMC.2011.91Erez, U., Trott, M.D., Wornell, G.W., Rateless coding for Gaussian channels (2012) IEEE Trans Inf Theory, 58 (2), pp. 530-547. , doi:10. 1109/TIT.2011.2173242Gudipati, A., Katti, S., Strider: Automatic rate adaptation and collision handling. ACM SIGCOMM (2011) Comput Commun Rev, 41 (4), pp. 158-169. , doi:10.1145/2043164.2018455Haratcherev, I., Langendoen, K., Lagendijk, R., Sips, H., Hybrid rate control for IEEE 802.11 (2004) MobiWac: Proceedings of the International Workshop On Mobility Management and Wireless Access Protocols, pp. 10-18. , doi:10.1145/1023783.1023787Heusse, M., Rousseau, F., Berger-Sabbatel, G., Duda, A., Performance anomaly of 802.11b (2003) INFOCOM: Proceedings of the International Conference On Computer Communications, 2, pp. 836-843Holland, G., Vaidya, N., Bahl, P., A rate-adaptive MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless networks (2001) MobiCom: Proceedings of the International Conference On Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 236-251. , doi:10.1145/381677.381700Hou, J.C., Park, K.J., Kim, T.S., Kung, L.C., Medium access control and routing protocols for wireless mesh networks (2008) Wireless Mesh Networks: Architectures and Protocols, Chap, 4, pp. 77-111. , Hossain E, Leung K, Springer, Berlinhttp://iperf.sourceforge.net, IperfJain, R.K., Chiu, D.M.W., Hawe, W.R., (1984) A Quantitative Measure of Fairness and Discrimination For Resource Allocation In Shared Computer Systems, 301. , http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.NI/9809099, Technical report, Digital Equipment CorporationJoshi, T., Ahuja, D., Singh, D., Agrawal, D.P., SARA: Stochastic automata rate adaptation for IEEE 802.11 networks (2008) IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst, 19 (11), pp. 1579-1590. , doi:10.1109/TPDS.2007. 70814Judd, G., Wang, X., Steenkiste, P., Efficient channel-aware rate adaptation in dynamic environments (2008) MobSys: Proceedings of the International Conference On Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pp. 118-131. , doi:10.1145/1378600.1378615Kamerman, A., Monteban, L., Wavelan-II: A high-performance wireless LAN for the unlicensed band (1997) Bell Labs Tech J, 2 (3), pp. 118-133. , doi:10.1002/bltj.2069Kim, J., Kim, S., Choi, S., Qiao, D., CARA: Collision-aware rate adaptation for IEEE 802.11 WLANs (2006) INFOCOM: Proceedings of the International Conference On Computer Communications, pp. 1-11. , doi:10.1109/INFOCOM.2006.316Kim, T.S., Lim, H., Hou, J.C., Improving spatial reuse through tuning transmit power, carrier sense threshold, and data rate in multihop wireless networks (2006) MobiCom: Proceedings of the International Conference On Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 366-377. , doi:10.1145/1161089.1161131Kliazovich, D., Malheiros, N., Fonseca, N.L.S., Granelli, F., Madeira, E., CogProt: A framework for cognitive configuration and opti mization of communication protocols (2009) Mobilight: Proceedings of the International Conference On Mobile Lightweight Wireless Systems, pp. 280-291. , doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16644-0_25Koci, N., Marina, M., Understanding the role of multi-rate retry mechanism for effective rate control in 802.11 wireless lans (2009) LCN: Proceedings of IEEE Conference On Local, Computer Networks, pp. 305-308. , doi:10.1109/LCN.2009.5355094Lacage, M., Manshaei, M.H., Turletti, T., IEEE 802.11 rate adaptation: A practical approach (2004) MSWiM: Proceedings of the International Symposium On Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, pp. 126-134. , doi:10.1145/1023663. 1023687Lakshmanan, S., Sanadhya, S., Sivakumar, R., On link rate adaptation in 802.11n WLANs (2011) INFOCOM: Proceedings of the International Conference On Computer Communications, pp. 366-370. , doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2011.5935183Loiacono, M., Rosca, J., Trappe, W., The snowball effect: Detailing performance anomalies of 802.11 rate adaptation (2007) GLOBE-COM: Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 5117-5122. , doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2007.970Malheiros, N., Kliazovich, D., Granello, F., Madeira, E., Fonseca, N., A Cognitive Approach For Cross-layer Performance Management (2010) GLOBECOM: Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecom Munications, pp. 1-5. , doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2010. 5684313OpenWrt Wireless Freedom, , http://openwrt.orgORBIT: Open-access Research Testbed For Next-generation Wireless Networks, , http://www.orbit-lab.orgPerry, J., Balakrishnan, H., Shah, D., Rateless spinal codes (2011) HotNets-X: Proceedings of the ACM Workshop On Hot Topics In Networks, pp. 61-66. , doi:10.1145/2070562.2070568Qiao, D., Choi, S., Shin, K., Goodput analysis and link adaptation for IEEE 802.11a wireless LANs (2002) IEEE Trans Mobile Comput, 1 (4), pp. 278-292. , doi:10.1109/TMC.2002.1175541Ramachandran, K., Kremo, H., Gruteser, M., Spasojevic, P., Seskar, I., Scalability analysis of rate adaptation techniques in congested IEEE 802.11 networks: An ORBIT testbed comparative study (2007) WoWMoM: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium On a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia, Networks, pp. 1-12. , doi:10.1109/WOWMOM.2007.4351717Shankar, P., Nadeem, T., Rosca, J., Iftode, L., Cars: Context-aware rate selection for vehicular networks (2008) ICNP: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference On Network Protocols, pp. 1-12. , doi:10.1109/ICNP.2008.4697019Shannon, C.E., Communication in the presence of noise (1949) IRE Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 37 (1), pp. 10-21Smithies, D., (2005) Minstrel Rate Control Algorithm, , http://linuxwireless.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211/RateControl/minstrelThomas, R.W., Friend, D.H., Dasilva, L.A., Mackenzie, A.B., Cognitive networks: Adaptation and learning to achieve end-to-end performance objectives (2006) IEEE Commun Mag, 44 (12), pp. 51-57. , doi:10. 1109/MCOM.2006.273099(2011) Federico II, , http://www.grid.unina.it/software/ITG/, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli, D-ITG, distributed internet traffic generatorXia, Q., Hamdi, M., Smart sender: A practical rate adaptation algorithm for multirate, IEEE 802.11 WLANs (2008) IEEE Trans Wirel Commun, 7 (5), pp. 1764-1775. , doi:10.1109/TWC.2008.061047Yin, W., Bialkowski, K., Indulska, J., Hu, P., Evaluations of mad-wifi mac layer rate control mechanisms (2010) 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Minerais orgânicos e licopeno na alimentação de poedeiras: desempenho zootécnico e qualidade dos ovos

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de minerais orgânicos e do licopeno em rações para poedeiras sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade dos ovos. Utilizaram-se 288 poedeiras, distribuídas em DIC em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (fontes de minerais x níveis de licopeno), com seis tratamentos, seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram: minerais inorgânicos (MI) sem a adição de licopeno; MI com a adição de licopeno (400mg/kg); MI com a adição de licopeno (800mg/kg); minerais orgânicos (MOR) sem a adição de licopeno; MOR com a adição de licopeno (400mg/kg); MOR com a adição de licopeno (800mg/kg). Foram avaliados: consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, massa dos ovos, conversão alimentar (kg/kg e kg/dz), peso do ovo, porcentagens de casca, albúmen e gema, espessura da casca, gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, índice e coloração de gema, pH do albúmen e da gema. Os minerais orgânicos aumentam o consumo de ração quando associados a níveis de 0 e 800mg de licopeno. A associação de 400mg de licopeno com minerais inorgânicos aumenta o consumo de ração. A adição de minerais orgânicos ou de 400mg de licopeno às rações melhora a porcentagem de postura e massa dos ovos de poedeiras com 58 semanas de idade. A coloração de gema é mais acentuada para as fontes inorgânicas em relação às orgânicas e mais acentuada em rações com 800mg de licopeno. A unidade Haugh é maior em rações sem licopeno e com minerais inorgânicos e em rações com 400mg de licopeno e com minerais orgânicos. Rações com fonte orgânica associada a 800mg de licopeno proporcionam maior unidade Haugh em relação a fonte orgânica sem licopeno