Concepts in Animal Parasitology, Chapter 18: \u3ci\u3eTaenia\u3c/i\u3e (Genus)

Chapter 18 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on the genus Taenia by Sumiya Ganzorig and Scott L. Gardner. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap01

Research study on seed physical property of Mongolian wheat varieties

Wheat is the main vital cereal crop in Mongolia (Triticum spp.) The size of the seed is one important feature of seed quality. It is directly related to plant growth, seed yield, market factor and harvest efficiency [1]. Equally important are the size and shape of the seed. The seed in the middle of spike ripens fast, after which the upper and lower parts ripen. Even though seeds in the lower part of the spike fill up at the same time as in the middle section of the spike, the seed ripens later. Seeds in the middle part of the spike have good filling and are bigger in size too. Moreover, they are good plantlets. A two year study was conducted in 2019-2020 to determine the effect of seed size on the yield  potential of six wheat varieties, including such early maturing varieties (Darkhan-160, Darkhan-131), medium maturing varieties (Darkhan-34, Darkhan-212) and late maturing (Darkhan-144, Darkhan 181) varieties. Seed samples of 6 varieties were separated in to four groups of seed diameter size, 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.4-2.6 mm, and 2.6-2.8 mm respectively. The seedling density was 350 seeds/m2. The field trial was performed in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The 1000 kernel weight in spike parts in tillage stems of varieties, grain yield and seed fraction of the yield were determined by using Grain Scan software. The best qualified seeds were placed at the medium part of the spike. The 1000 kernel weight of the medium part of Darkhan-181, Darkhan-131, and Darkhan-34 varieties reached 40-43 g and Darkhan-144 variety had the highest 1000 kernel weight (40-47 g). The portions of different seed sizes in yield was significant among the varieties planted. The varieties with longer vegetation period result higher portion of larger seeds in yield as compared to varieties with short vegetation period. The portion of large (>2.4mm) seeds in yield increased from 41.6-46.85% to 72.9-76.8% in different maturity varieties (from early to late medium). Grain yield of plots was increased with uniform large seeds in both years. The use of largest seeds resulted in a more competitive cropping system, improving grain yields by 16.9%. The yield decreased by 4.9% by planting seeds (2.0-2.2 mm) smaller than the control fraction (2.2-2.4 mm). The use of uniform large seeds increased both seedling emergence and grain yield. Results demonstrate that medium and mid-large uniform seeds (>2.2mm and >2.4mm) in accordance with the seed properties of the variety were useful in wheat seed productio

Particulate matter concentrations during winter seasons of 2016-2020 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

In this study, we have focused on the outdoor concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during the coldest months (November-February) of 2016-2019 and January-February of 2020 and illustrated the daily, monthly and quarterly averages according to the single-point measurement data collected by the PM2.5 sensor at an air quality monitoring station located in a central area of Ulaanbaatar. The study also analyzes monthly high, low, average and median points of PM2.5 concentrations in the area that was selected. The PM2.5 sensor collects its data at an interval of every ten seconds, registers 8500 data in one day and presents the concentration of fine particulate matter in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). On the basis of data collection and analysis, from November through February of 2019-2020, average PM2.5 concentration dropped noticeably by 44 per cent compared to the previous years. The Government of Mongolia took immediate action to combat air pollution of Ulaanbaatar city in May 2019 by banning the burning of raw coal in the ger districts, which account for 70 per cent of the city’s emissions, and introduced coal briquette as the only type of fuel that was allowed to be burned in metal stoves as a primary source of heating and cooking. Our study reveals that the latest government regulation had a considerable impact on air quality during winter 2019-2020 and helped in the sudden decline of the most dangerous pollutant PM2.5 concentration very close to national standards (50 µg/m3 24-hour mean) within 6 months since the enforcement of the new regulation

Study of Response Spectra for Ulaanbaatar city

According to researchers, Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is in an active seismic zone, and more active faults around the city have been discovered in the last few decades. This is an alarming news for the city that has been expanding and developing rapidly. Therefore, consideration of the construction of structures that can withstand strong earthquakes has been becoming a complex problem from economic perspective and urban planning. This study aims to develop response spectra for all and any structure constructs in the city. To complete this requirement, we generated maximum response spectra correlating different soil classes, and taking into considering all potential active sources around the city. In this research work, we have proposed various response spectra that are associated with five different soil classes, and these response spectra can be used for the city

Competitiveness of sea buckthorn farming in Mongolia: A policy analysis matrix

The perennial shrub sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) provides multiple products that are beneficial to human health. In addition, the plant can also be used to combat desertification. In contrast to the vast ecological, agronomic and nutritional literature on this species, little is known about its economic and marketing aspects, particularly in Central Asia. We therefore analysed the private and social competitiveness of sea buckthorn farming in 21 households of Bulgan county of Khovd province in Mongolia. The results show that half of the interviewed sea buckthorn farmers are privately competitive. We found that social competitiveness exceeded private competitiveness because while private output prices are supported by government policies, which increases private profits, input prices are also supported, which reduces the competitiveness. The net effect of supports to input and output prices taxes producers and reduces private competitiveness. In our study area the most competitive households had larger land sizes, fenced wild sea buckthorn areas, and were more experienced than others. The competitiveness of sea buckthorn farming increased from 2012 to 2013, which may be due to a government subsidy programme. Given the social and environmental benefits of sea buckthorn production, future government programmes should consider supporting the production through subsidies to make private households more competitive

Vasospastic angina: a review on diagnostic approach and management

\ua9 The Author(s), 2024.Vasospastic angina (VSA) refers to chest pain experienced as a consequence of myocardial ischaemia caused by epicardial coronary spasm, a sudden narrowing of the vessels responsible for an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen. Coronary artery spasm is a heterogeneous phenomenon that can occur in patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries and obstructive coronary artery disease, with transient spasm causing chest pain and persistent spasm potentially leading to acute myocardial infarction (MI). VSA was originally described as Prinzmetal angina or variant angina, classically presenting at rest, unlike most cases of angina (though in some patients, vasospasm may be triggered by exertion, emotional, mental or physical stress), and associated with transient electrocardiographic changes (transient ST-segment elevation, depression and/or T-wave changes). Ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is not a benign condition, as patients are at elevated risk of cardiovascular events including acute coronary syndrome, hospitalization due to heart failure, stroke and repeat cardiovascular procedures. INOCA patients also experience impaired quality of life and associated increased healthcare costs. VSA, an endotype of INOCA, is associated with major adverse events, including sudden cardiac death, acute MI and syncope, necessitating the study of the most effective treatment options currently available. The present literature review aims to summarize current data relating to the diagnosis and management of VSA and provide details on the sequence that treatment should follow

Ergebnisse der Bestandserfassung der Kropfantilope (\u3ci\u3eProcapra gutturosa\u3c/i\u3e Pallas, 777) auf dem Territorium des Suche-Bator- und Ost-Aimaks der MVR im Juli/August 1981

Der Hauptbestand der Dzeren-Antilope (auch Mongolische Gazelle) ist gegenwärtig im Suche-Bator- und im Ost-Aimak der MVR zu finden. Mit dem Ziel. den Gesa,mtbestand an Individuen zu ermitteln, wurden in den oben genannten Aimaks Erhebungen durchgeführt. Es wurden 34 Untersuchungsgebiete (23 im Suche-Bator Aimak, 11 im Ost-Aimak) mit einer Gesamtfläche von 3723 km2 ausgewählt. Die Berechnungen erfolgten nach genauer Zählung der an bestimmten Marschrouten angetroffenen Tiere. Bei den Untersuchungen wurden 5 133 Dzeren-Antilopen ermittelt, was einer mittleren Bestandsdichte von 13,8 Individuen je 1000 ha entspr icht. Die Dichtehäufigkeit der Antilopen schwankt innerhalb weiter Grenzen, so dalj man innerhalb weniger Tage Bestandsveränderungen von einem Maximum zu einem Minimum in ein und demselben Gebiet verzeichnen kann.,Während unserer Zählungen wurde eine minimale Bestandsdichte mit 2,2 Individuen je 1000 ha im Gebiet des Cachildagijn Bor Ovoo (Suche-Bator Somon im Suche-Bator Aimak) und eine maximale Dichte mit 25,6 Individuen je 1000 ha im Gebiet Dus Tolgoj (Matad Somon im Ost-Aimak) gefunden. Wir ermittelten die Fläche aller ander en Aimaks, auf denen Dzeren-Antilopen beobachtet) Wurden, und extrapoli erten, ausgehend von der aus der mittleren Häufigkeit bestimmten Gesamtzahl der zwei untersuchten Aimaks. Daraus läljt sich auf einen Gesamtbestand von etwa 167500 Individuen schlieljen. In den Herden dominieren adulte Weibchen (46,6 %), während die Anzahl a dulter Männchen zweifach geringer ist. Einen Beweis für die intensive Reproduktion der Art stellt der ]ungtieranteil von 30,3 % an der Population dar. Основное поголовье дзерена в МНР в настоящее время обитает на территории СухзБаторского и Восточного аймаков. С целью определения общего ресурса дзерена были проведены учеты численности на территории вышеуказанных аймаков. Было взято 34 пробных площадк (23 на территории Сухэ-Баторского, 11 на территории Восточного аймака) общей площадью 3723 кв. км. Учет проведен маршрутно-визуальным методом, то есть прямым подсчетом зверей, встречавщихся на маршруте. По учету было зарегистрировано 5133 дзерена, средняя плотность его населения составляет 13,8 особей на 1000 га угодий. Плотность населения дзерена колеблется в больших пределах, даже в отдельных случаях в течение нескольких суток можно наблюдать изменение плотносгей населения от максимальной до минимальной на одном том же участке. За период наших исследований были отмечены минимальная плотность на территории сомона Сухэ-Батор Сухэ-Баторского аймака в местности Цахилдагийн Бор Овоо-2,2 особи на 1000 га, максимальная плотность на территории сомона Матад Восточного аймака в местности Душ Толгой - 25,6 особей на 1000 га. Мы определили площадь угодий, на которых обитает дзерен по каждому аймаку и экстраполировали ее на среднюю плотность населения в результате чего установлены общие ресурсы дзерена на территории двух аймаков. Приблизительная численность дзерена в этих аймаках составляла 167 500 особей. В стаде дзерена преобладает взрослые самки (46,6 %), а количество взролых самцов в 2 раза меныше, чем самок. Сеголетки в популяции занимают 30,3 %, что является доказательством интенсивного воспроизводства попу ляции