Vertical Radar Profiles for the Characterization of Deep Vadose Zones

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Influence of antioxidant location on the protection of oil encapsulated in powder

Encapsulation of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) in solid matrix, by providing a physical barrier, is used to prevent or delay their degradation; and the use of antioxidant is expected to enhance PUFAs oxidative stability. In liquid emulsions, the effectiveness of antioxidants is known to depend on their distribution between the oil and aqueous phase. In this study, the impact of the lipophilic or hydrophilic character of phenolic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of encapsulated PUFAs was investigated following the evolution of conjugated dienes and antioxidant residual content during accelerated ageing test (50\ub0C, 60% RH). Dry emulsions containing 10%wt stripped sunflower oil (60% PUFAs), 89.7%wt maltodextrin DE12 (wall material) and 0.3%wt Tween\uae20 (surfactant) were produced by spray drying. Some were enriched with alpha-tocopherol (lipophilic - 500 ppm in oil) or chlorogenic acid (hydrophilic, 1000 ppm in maltodextrin), two scavengers of lipid radicals implied in oxidation.Antioxidants improved the oxidative stability of encapsulated oil. With chlorogenic acid, oil oxidation occurred after a two days lag phase whilst for alpha-tocopherol, no lag phase was observed but the oxidation rate was smaller than in control and chlorogenic acid powders during the ten first days of ageing (Fig, 1a). The residual concentration of chlorogenic acid deceased rapidly during the first two days and then remained constant whilst the concentration of alphatocopherol decreased regularly ensuring oil protection until it has been totally consumed after ten days (Fig.1b). The better oil protection provided by alpha-tocopherol during the first ten days of storage was attributed to the different location of both antioxidants within the macro-domains of the dry emulsion. Alpha-tocopherol, in oil droplets, was directly in contact with the oil to protect whilst for chlorogenic acid, entrapped in the solid matrix, only the fraction in contact with the oil droplets brought protection and 60% of initial chlorogenic acid remained preserved in the matrix

The activity of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts against pathogenic fusaria

A P. ostreatus strain, appreciated as food and for the production of nutraceuticals, was grown on a commercial substrate, dried at low temperature (<40\ub0C) and grinded in order to produce a mushroom powder. The bioactivity of the water extract conserved at 4\ub0C in the dark was then assessed on F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. musae at different time points from production (4 hrs, 40 days, 4 months). Moreover, the effect of the extracts on trichothecene type B production was measured exploiting a F. graminearum isolate expressing GFP-tagged trichodiene synthase. This allowed to monitor the first step of toxin production using a microplate fluorimeter. While mycelial growth of F. graminearum and F. culmorum was completely blocked at 3 mg/ml, mycelial growth of F. musae was inhibited at 90%. MIC50 was measured for F. graminearum and F. culmorum at 300 micrograms/mL. A loss of the bioactivity of P. ostreaus water extract on fungal growth was observed at 40 days (-30%) and of a further -30% at 4 months. A preliminary study on the biological activities of the extract identified a strong protease activity associated to low molecular weight proteins. Their bioactivity decreased over storage time in accordance with a decreased proteolytic activity. The P. ostreatus extract modulates trichothecene production independently from the protease activity, even at concentration where no mycelium inhibition was observed (down to 0.75 micrograms/mL). Studies on the genetic determinants of the protease activity as well as the compounds able to modulate trichothecene production are ongoing

Dietary fat intake as a risk factor for the development of diabetes. Multinational, multicenter study of the Mediterranean Group for the Study of Diabetes (MGDS)

In the context of the Multinational MGSD Nutrition Study, three groups of subjects were studied: 204 subjects with recently diagnosed diabetes(RDM),42subjectswithundiagnoseddiabetes(UDM)(AmericanDiabetesAssociation criteria—fasting plasma glucose [FPG] 126 mg/dl), and 55 subjects with impaired fasting glucose(IFG)(FPG 110and126mg/dl).Eachgroupwascomparedwithacontrolgroupof nondiabetic subjects, matched one by one for center, sex, age, and BMI. Nutritional habits were evaluated by a dietary history method, validated against the 3-day diet diary. In RDM, the questionnaire referred to the nutritional habits before the diagnosis of diabetes. Demographic data were collected, and anthropometrical and biochemical measurements were taken. RESULTS— Compared with control subjects, RDM more frequently had a family history of diabetes(49.0vs.14.2%;P0.001),exercisedless(exerciseindex53.5vs.64.4;P0.01),and more frequently had sedentary professions (47.5 vs. 27.4%; P 0.001). Carbohydrates contributed less to their energy intake (53.5 vs. 55.1%; P 0.05), whereas total fat (30.2 0.5 vs. 27.8 0.5%; P 0.001) and animal fat (12.2 0.3 vs. 10.8 0.3%; P 0.01) contributed moreandtheplant-to-animalfatratiowaslower(1.50.1vs.1.80.1;P0.01).UDMmore frequentlyhadafamilyhistoryofdiabetes(38.1vs.19.0%;P0.05)andsedentaryprofessions (58.5vs.34.1%;P0.05),carbohydratescontributedlesstotheirenergyintake(47.61.7vs. 52.81.4%;P0.05),totalfat(34.71.5vs.30.41.2%;P0.05)andanimalfat(14.2 0.9 vs. 10.6 0.7%; P 0.05) contributed more, and the plant-to-animal fat ratio was lower (1.6 0.2 vs. 2.3 0.4; P 0.05). IFG differed only in the prevalence of family history of diabetes (32.7 vs. 16.4%; P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS— Our data support the view that increased animal fat intake is associated with the presence of diabetes

Produtividade de milho inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense em diferentes doses de nitrogênio, em latossolo vermelho - safra 2011/12.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade do milho cultivado em Latossolo Vermelho na safra 2011/12, na presença ou ausência de inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense, em diferentes doses de N em cobertura. A inoculação de sementes de milho com Azospirillum brasilense e a aplicação de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura não proporcionaram incrementos significativos na produtividade de grãos de milho cultivados na safra 2011/12, em Latossolo Vermelho de Campos Novos e Canoinhas

Produtividade de milho inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense em diferentes doses de nitrogênio, em latossolo vermelho - safra 2012/13.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade do milho cultivado em Latossolo Vermelho na safra 2012/13, na presença ou ausência de inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense, em diferentes doses de N em cobertura. A inoculação de sementes de milho com Azospirillum brasilense não proporcionou incrementos significativos na produtividade de grãos de milho cultivados na safra 2012/13, em Latossolo Vermelho de Campos Novos e de Papanduva. Em Papanduva, as doses de N aplicadas em cobertura aumentaram a produtividade de grãos de milho

Desempenho de milho inoculado com Azospirillum brasiliense associado a doses de nitrogênio em cobertura.

RESUMO: Uma das alternativas de redução no consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados na cultura do milho é a inoculação de sementes com bactérias diazotróficas que possuem a capacidade de fixar N atmosférico no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar algumas características agronômicas e o rendimento de grãos de milho cultivado em Latossolo Vermelho com diferentes doses de N em cobertura, na presença e ausência de inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Papanduva e em Campos Novos, SC, nos anos agrícolas 2011/12 e 2012/13, utilizando-se delineamento fatorial 2 x 6, com os tratamentos alocados em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, avaliando-se a variedade de milho de polinização aberta SCS155 Catarina. Os fatores testados foram a inoculação com A. brasilense (presença e ausência) e doses de N em cobertura (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125kg ha-1). A inoculação de sementes de milho com A. brasilense não aumenta o rendimento de grãos e não altera a massa de mil grãos, estatura de plantas, altura da inserção da espiga principal e diâmetro do colmo. A aplicação de N em cobertura no milho influencia de modo positivo o rendimento de grãos. ABSTRACT: One of the alternatives to reduce the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers in corn production is seed inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria that have the ability of fixing atmospheric N in the root zone. The aim of this study was to evaluate some agronomic characteristics and grain yield of maize grown in an Oxisol with the presence and absence of seed´s inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense associated with different nitrogen doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125kg/ha). The experiments were carried out in the municipalities of Papanduva and Campos Novos, in Santa Catarina State (Southern Brazil), during the 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons. The experiments were ploted in a 2x6 factorial with the treatments assigned in a randomized blocks with three replications, using the corn cultivar ?SCS155 Catarina? as indicator. The inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense does not increase the corn yield and does not alter the weight of the grains, plant height, ear height and main stem diameter. Nitrogen application in corn influences positively the grain yield

Produtividade de genótipos de milho na presença ou ausência de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e adubação nitrogenada de cobertura - safra 2011/12.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de genótipos de milho com bases genéticas distintas, na presença ou ausência de inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense e de adubação nitrogenadas de cobertura. A inoculação de sementes de milho com Azospirillum brasilense não proporcionou incrementos significativos na produtividade de grãos, em diferentes genótipos, com e sem adubação nitrogenada de cobertura. Nos dois locais avaliados, houve variação entre genótipos para produtividade de grãos, todavia sem interação com adubação nitrogenada de cobertura. Em Campos Novos, houve interação entre genótipos e inoculação para a variável produtividade de grãos, indicando que a interação entre A. brasilense e o milho depende das características genéticas da cultura

Produtividade de genótipos de milho na presença ou ausência de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e adubação nitrogenada de cobertura - Safra 2012/13.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de genótipos de milho com bases genéticas distintas, na presença ou ausência de inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense e de adubação nitrogenadas de cobertura. A inoculação de sementes de milho com Azospirillum brasilense não proporcionou incrementos significativos na produtividade de grãos de milho, em diferentes genótipos, com e sem adubação nitrogenada de cobertura. A adubação com 100 kg ha-1 de N, aplicados em cobertura, proporcionou aumento de produtividade de grãos de milho em relação à ausência de adubação nitrogenada de cobertura. Nos dois locais avaliados, houve variação entre genótipos para produtividade de grãos, todavia sem interação com adubação nitrogenada de cobertura e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense